Should YouTube’s Content ID Be Liable for Misrepresentation Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act?

YouTube has quickly become the dominant player in the Internet video sharing platform market. To keep its leading position, it created an internal automated system to police potential copyright infringements known as Content ID. Generally, that system functions similarly to third-party computer automated systems that send takedown requests, yet it is exempt from liability for removing lawful videos under a safe harbor provided by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (“DMCA”). Although some industry experts first championed Content ID, many now question whether it unfairly favors copyright holders and YouTube itself at the expense of content creators and the greater Internet community. This Note asserts that a Content ID match is equivalent to a formal takedown notice under the DMCA, and that Content ID should thus have to consider fair use prior to issuing a Content ID match. This Note then argues that the DMCA’s safe harbor provisions should be amended to require websites utilizing internal automated systems to consider fair use

Knowledge Generation to Foster Innovation in Mexico: How Human Capital Matters

The aim of this chapter is to identify those individual skills and organizational factors (OF) that facilitate knowledge generation in firms operating in Mexico. The innovative capacity of organizations depends on how successful they are in the generation of knowledge and how organizational culture, management support, motivation, and personal skills support this process. To validate this phenomenon, a quantitative explanatory study was designed. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire applied to 211 collaborators who work for firms located in Mexico. Concerning external knowledge acquisition (EKA), for Mexican and foreign firms, only individual skills such as professional qualification, personal motivation, and opportunity to learn are significant compared to internal knowledge creation (IKC) in which organizational factors such as organizational culture, management style, and commitment to learn are predominant. In addition, for knowledge creation in Mexican firms, individual skills are relevant but not for foreign ones. This result could assume that foreign firms in Mexico create their own knowledge based on headquarters’ institutionalized processes

Biocontrol of leucoagaricus gongylophorus of leaf-cutting ants with the mycoparasitic agent trichoderma koningiopsis

Leaf-cutting ants are one of the main agricultural and agroforestry pests in the Neotropic region. The essential food source of these ants is Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Therefore one of the main biocontrol agents under study are Trichoderma species, because of their biocontrol activity against a diverse range of fungi. Here, Trichoderma koningiopsis, isolated from a leaf-cutting ants nest was tested against three Leucoagaricus gongylophorus strains from leaf-cutting ants by dual culture technique under laboratory conditions. The molecular analysis of ITS sequence data showed three well-separated main clades in which the isolated Trichoderma strain was assembled as a sole subclade among T. koningiopsis strains. The tests also showed that T. koningiopsis strain inhibited the growth of all L. gongylophorus strains tested. The values of radial inhibition of L. gongylophorus ranged from 58% to 69% with an average mean value of 65%. This is the first report on a strain of T. koningiopsis isolated from a naturally parasitized nest of leaf-cutting ants with biocontrol ability over L. gongylophorus tested in dual culturing method.Fil: Castrillo, María Lorena. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bich, Gustavo Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Zapata, Pedro Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Villalba, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; Argentin

Los Determinantes de la generación y la transferencia del conocimiento en pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector de las tecnologías de la información de Barcelona

Consultable des del TDXA la part superior de la portada: Programa de doctorado Creación, Estrategia y Gestión de EmpresasTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaLas habilidades de crear y replicar el conocimiento dentro de la empresa son especialmente críticas para las organizaciones que compiten en entornos dinámicos, las cuales no solamente tienen recursos tecnológicos relevantes, sino que deben mostrar flexibilidad y capacidad administrativa para coordinar efectivamente sus competencias internas. La presente investigación examina los procesos de generación y transferencia del conocimiento, en forma de know how, en pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector de las tecnologías de la información en Barcelona. Al centrarse en un fenómeno de actualidad, con pocos estudios realizados sobre el tema y el objeto de estudio, la investigación se ha desarrollado en dos fases: una investigación cualitativa mediante un estudio de cuatro casos, cuyas conclusiones han permitido diseñar un modelo conceptual a contrastarse empíricamente en la segunda fase: investigación cuantitativa. En esta segunda fase, con base en una muestra de 105 individuos de 4 medianas y 11 pequeñas empresas, y la aplicación del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales como técnica estadística, se estudia los elementos organizativos e individuales que intervienen en la realización de dichos procesos y la relevancia de los atributos intrínsecos del conocimiento como recurso valioso de la empresa. Los resultados proponen un modelo en el cual la generación del conocimiento es posible a través de la adquisición externa de conocimiento y la creación interna del mismo. La motivación personal y la oportunidad de aprender que muestran los empleados en este tipo de empresas, donde los cambios suceden de forma rápida se deben principalmente, a una cultura organizativa abierta y receptiva que impera en la organización y a un estilo de dirección participativo y flexible. Por su parte, la transferencia del conocimiento se realiza a través del uso de mecanismos de comunicación formales e informales. En contraste con otras investigaciones, el estudio de la transferencia del conocimiento en este tipo de empresas muestra que el apoyo de la alta dirección y la riqueza de los medios de comunicación no son relevante, pero sí lo son la cultura organizativa, la distribución del espacio físico, la poca disponibilidad de tiempo y las habilidades de los actores que intervienen en este proceso como lo son la fiabilidad de la fuente, y la receptividad y capacidad de asimilación del receptor.The abilities to create and to replicate knowledge are critical for enterprises which operate in dynamic environments. These specific firms need not only have relevant technological resources but they must demonstrate flexibility and administrative capacity to coordinate their internal competition effectively. In this doctoral thesis the processes of knowledge generation and knowledge transfer are analysed in the context of small and medium enterprises working in the information technology sector in Barcelona. As a current phenomenon with few studies published on the subject this research has been developed in two phases: the first phase through qualitative research using the case study technique. The conclusions drawn from this phase have allowed the designing of a conceptual model. This model is empirically tested in the second phase, which was conducted utilizing quantitative research. In this second phase the focus of the study was the organizational and individual elements that are necessary to accomplish the knowledge generation and knowledge transfer processes. This test was carried out with a sample of 105 personal questionnaires that were administered to 4 medium and 11 small enterprises, and the structural equations model as a statistics technique. At the same time the relevance of knowledge characteristics as a firm value resource has been tested. The results of the study suggest a model in which the knowledge generation process is feasible through external knowledge acquisition and internal knowledge creation. This last process is facilitated by personal motivation and the learning opportunities it offers to the organizations'employees. In these types of firms the employees play a key role as initiative and suggestion carriers. These employees'commitment level shows that organizational structures must be less hierarchized, and leadership styles should be based on interactivity in order to create the conditions to preserve flexibility among workers. On the other hand, the study of knowledge transfer in these kinds of enterprises shows that this process is possible using formal and informal communication means. Even with formal communication means such as documents and Internet support employees prefer to share their knowledge through face to face contact and coffee sessions. These informal communication means are facilitated by office layout, organizational culture, time availability, and the personality traits of the people who participate in the process (sender and receipient). In contrast to other research the knowledge transfer study shows that top management support and the level of communication technology available are not relevant

Assessing the ability of white-rot fungi to tolerate polychlorinated biphenyls using predictive mycology

The aim of the present study was to assess the ability of different white-rot fungi to tolerate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using predictive mycology, by relating fungal growth inhibition to ligninolityc enzyme secretion. Fungal strains were grown in the presence of PCBs in solid media and their radial growth values were modelled through the Dantigny-logistic like function in order to estimate the time required by the fungal colonies to attain half their maximum diameter. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed an inverse correlation between strain tolerance to PCBs and the laccase secretion over time, being laccase production closely associated with fungal growth capacity. Finally, a PCA was run to regroup and split between resistant and sensitive fungi. Simultaneously, a function associated with a model predicting the tolerance to PCBs was developed. Some of the assayed isolates showed a promising capacity to be applied in PCB bioremediation. Abbreviations: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), white-rot fungi (WRF).Fil: Sadañoski, Marcela Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Velázquez, Juan Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Fonseca, Maria Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Zapata, Pedro Dario. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Levin, Laura Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Villalba, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentin

El nivel de implicación del consumidor con el deporte y su influencia sobre la imagen del esponsor y el evento, y la intención de compra en el patrocinio deportivo

[Resumen] En esta investigación, tenemos la intención de demostrar la influencia de la participación del consumidor con el deporte sobre una mayor probabilidad de ver eventos relacionados con este deporte, la imagen más positiva del protector y del evento, y una mayor probabilidad de comprar los productos o servicios del patrocinador. Los análisis se realizaron con spas 15.0, verificando la confianza y la dimensionalidad de las escalas utilizadas. Podemos sostener, entonces, que una alta participación deportiva del consumidor influye en la posibilidad de asistir o ver un evento relacionado con ese deporte, muy necesario para la exhibición para el patrocinio deportivo. También influye en la imagen del evento que es decisiva en la formación de la imagen del patrocinador y, finalmente, en la intención de compra, que es una medida del éxito del patrocinio deportivo.[Abstract] In this investigation, we have the intention of demonstrating the influence of the consumer's involvement with the sport about a larger probability of seeing events related to this sport, the protector's most positive image and of the event, and more probability of buying the products or the sponsor’s services. Because we used this self-administered questionnaire. The analyses were carried out with spas 15.0, checking the trust and dimensionality of the scales used. The contrast of the hypotheses was taken to-students out and in all of the hypotheses we obtained the acceptance of these. We can sustain, then that a high sport involvement of the consumer influences about the possibility of to attend or to see event related to that sport, very necessary for the exhibition for the sport sponsorship; it also influences the image of the event that is decisive in the formation of the sponsor's image, and finally, in the purchase intention that is a measure of the success of the sport sponsorship.[Resumo] Nesta investigação, nós temos a intenção de demonstrar a influência da implicação do consumidor com o esporte sobre uma probabilidade maior de ver eventos relacionou com este esporte, a imagem mais positiva do protetor e do evento, e mais probabilidade de comprar os produtos ou os serviços do protetor. Porque nós usamos isto autoadministrados de questionários. As análises foram levadas a cabo com Spss 15.0, conferindo a confiança e dimensionalidade das balanças usadas. O contraste das hipóteses esboçadas foi levado fora t-estudantes e em todas as hipóteses nós obtivemos a aceitação destes. Nós podemos sustentar, então que uma implicação maior nível com o esporte por parte do consumidor influencia sobre a possibilidade de assistir ou ver evento relacionou com aquele esporte, muito necessário para a exibição para o patronato desportivo; também influencia na imagem do evento que é decisivo na formação da imagem do protetor, e ultimamente, na intenção de compra que é uma medida muito efetiva do sucesso do patronato desportiv

Advertising of ultra-processed foods and beverages : children as a vulnerable population

Q4Q2Paciente infantilThe rapid nutrition transition occurring in Latin America has resulted in a sharp increase of childhood overweight and obesity. Recent evidence has shown that food and beverage advertising has a great influence on children’s eating behavior. This population has become a key target market for the ultra-processed foods and beverages industry, which is marketing products in an aggressive way. Evidence shows that Latin American countries have poor regulation of ultra-processed foods and beverages advertising, where the discourse of self-regulation still prevails over statutory regulations. The following commentary explores how advertising might play an important role in developing unhealthy dietary patterns and obesity in Latin American children, as well as the urgent need for government action and the involvement of civil society to tackle this public health issue.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001444978https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000154547https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001363227Revista Nacional - Indexad

Effect of wood flour as carbon source on cellulases and xylanases production by white-rot-fungi native from Misiones

There is a need to explore lignocellulosic materials to select an adequate substrate for lignocellulolytic enzyme production. Utilization of some residues provides an opportunity to produce high yields of lignocellulolytic enzymes in a simple medium. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of wood flour as a carbon source on the cellulolytic and xylanolytic secretion of white-rot fungi native from Misiones. Fungi were incubated with 5 g Pinus sp. wood flour/L and 5 g Eucalyptus sp. wood flour/L as carbon sources in a reciprocal shaker at 80 rpm and 29ºC for 15 days. Total cellulase, endo-1,4-β-glucanase, β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and endo-1,4-β-xylanase activities were determined in culture supernatants. Tested fungi showed high endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity between 6 and 12 days. Total cellulase showed the highest activity between 12-15 culture days. The test did not show differences among Pycnoporus sanguineus LBM 014, P. sanguineus BAFC 2126, Irpex lacteus BAFC 1171, Irpex sp. LBM 032, Irpex sp. LBM 034 and Lenzites elegans BAFC 2127, showing the highest activity for this group regard the others strains. I. lacteus BAFC 1171 was the strain with major endo-1,4-β-glucanase activity at day 9 (847 U/L). In the case of β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase, P. sanguineus BAFC 2126 was the strain with the highest activity between 12-15 culture days (18 U/L), and between 9-15 culture days (39 U/L), respectively. Wood flour proved to be a suitable carbon source to produce hydrolytic enzymes. I. lacteus BAFC 1171 and P. sanguineus BAFC 2126 have potential for cellulase production whereas P. sanguineus LBM 008 is a good endo-1,4-β-xylanase producer.Fil: Rodríguez, María Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barchuk, Mónica Lucrecia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; Argentina. Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica; ChileFil: Fonseca, Maria Isabel. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Zapata, Pedro Dario. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Villalba, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Quimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica. Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular; Argentin