Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the evolution of form and function in the amniote jaw.

The amniote jaw complex is a remarkable amalgamation of derivatives from distinct embryonic cell lineages. During development, the cells in these lineages experience concerted movements, migrations, and signaling interactions that take them from their initial origins to their final destinations and imbue their derivatives with aspects of form including their axial orientation, anatomical identity, size, and shape. Perturbations along the way can produce defects and disease, but also generate the variation necessary for jaw evolution and adaptation. We focus on molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate form in the amniote jaw complex, and that enable structural and functional integration. Special emphasis is placed on the role of cranial neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) during the species-specific patterning of bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, and other jaw tissues. We also address the effects of biomechanical forces during jaw development and discuss ways in which certain molecular and cellular responses add adaptive and evolutionary plasticity to jaw morphology. Overall, we highlight how variation in molecular and cellular programs can promote the phenomenal diversity and functional morphology achieved during amniote jaw evolution or lead to the range of jaw defects and disease that affect the human condition

Alcohol and mental health: co-occurring alcohol use and mental health disorders

There is a strong link between alcohol use and mental health, yet research often fails to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interaction between the two aspects. In relation to treatment, alcohol and mental health services often work in a disjointed manner; likewise, policies and guidelines for the two sectors are generally developed in isolation from one another. The result of this silo mentality is that the needs of individuals with comorbid alcohol and mental health disorders, commonly referred to as “Dual Diagnosis”, are often unmet, leading to serious harmful consequences for the affected individuals, their families and society as a whole. This generates further stigma and isolation for an already vulnerable and high-risk population. The present Chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology, and the main etiological theories of co-occurring Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) and Mental Health Disorders (MHD). It is hoped that this chapter can inform treatment and policies for this population

Three-dimensional analysis of the casting accuracy of one-piece, osseointegrated implant-retained prostheses.

The International journal of prosthodontics64346-36