A special gift we bestow on you for being representative of us: Considering leader

Two experiments tested hypotheses, derived from social identity and self-categorization theories, regarding the attribution of charisma to leaders. In Experiment I (N = 203), in-group prototypical leaders were attributed greater levels of charisma and were perceived to be more persuasive than in-group non-prototypical leaders. In Experiment 2 (N = 220), leaders described with in-group stereotypical characteristics were attributed relatively high levels of charisma regardless of their group-oriented versus exchange rhetoric. Leaders described with out-group stereotypical characteristics, however, had to employ group-oriented rhetoric to be attributed relatively high levels of charisma. We conclude that leadership emerges from being representative of 'us'; charisma may, indeed, be a special gift, but it is one bestowed on group members by group members for being representative of, rather than distinct from, the group itself. © 2006 The British Psychological Society

The impact of group formation and perceptions of fairness on organizational citizenship behaviors

Few organizations would survive without their employees volunteering, helping, providing new information, or participating in organizational activities. These behaviors have recently been termed organizational citizenship. It was speculated that certain organizational processes may affect the frequency with which these behaviors are performed. For example, when specific groups are established within an organization, social comparison and competition among those groups might decrease the number of OCB\u27s that occur. In addition, perceptions of unfairness within an organization might decrease the number of these behaviors. It was also expected that these two variables may interact. Results indicated that group formation had a strong impact on the frequency of OCBs. Individuals were more likely to engage in helping behaviors than when two separate groups were established. On the other hand, this study found little evidence for the impact of unjust payment procedures on organizational citizenship behaviors. Furthermore, the interaction between group formation and procedural justice was not significant

A flexibilidade no treinamento da ginastica ritmica

A flexibilidade é uma capacidade física considerada de especial importância na Ginástica Rítmica; já que se encontra estreitamente ligado à técnica corporal e específica do aparelho, caracterizando-se assim, como a mais desenvolvida em relação às demais, pois sua presença é indispensável na execução de movimentos com grande amplitude e conseqüentemente, para a realização perfeita das diferentes dificuldades requeridas nas séries de competição desse esporte, exigidas no código de pontuação. Este trabalho consiste numa pesquisa bibliográfica que desenvolve temas relacionados à técnica esportiva na Ginástica Rítmica e sua íntima ligação com o desenvolvimento das capacidades físicas; requeridas pelo esporte. Realizo um aprofundamento sobre os diversos "critérios" referentes à flexibilidade, baseando-me nas definições da área do treinamento esportivo e na minha experiência como ginasta dessa modalidade esportiva. É possível concluir, que existe uma grande interferência dessa capacidade física no desempenho das atletas de Ginástica Rítmica devido à necessidade, na execução do trabalho das mesmas, de fatores como a técnica e as qualidades de expressão, ambas, bastante relevantes no momento da avaliação competitiva.Not informed