Аргументы «pro et contra» люстраций в странах Центрально-Восточной Европы в современном научном дискурсе

Стаття присвячена вивченню сучасного наукового дискурсу з теми люстрацій в країнах Центрально-Східної Європи. Визначено та охарактеризовано основні аргументи «за» і «проти» люстраційних практик. Серед про-люстраційних факторів найбільш розповсюдженими є: інтерпретація люстрації як політичного інституту, діяльність якого необхідна для захисту нового режиму як на початку трансформаційних змін, так і в процесі консолідації демократії, а також люстрації для відновлення справедливості і пізнання правди про минуле і сьогодення. Зазначено, що аргументація «pro et contra» люстрацій у науковому дискурсі не має антагоністичного змісту, при цьому домінуючі позиції займають чинники «pro». На практиці ж прояв обох груп аргументів («pro et contra») обумовлюється іншими факторами: моделлю люстрації, часом та місцем її проведення, конфігурацією політичних еліт тощо.The article analyzes the scientific discourse of topics of lustrations in Central and Eastern Europe in the context of arguments «pro et contra». The main arguments pro lustration are outlined with the help of the political analysis.Factor «Pro1» – lustration as a tool to protect the newly established regime, defined by researchers in two main contexts: first, in danger at the beginning of transformational changes of counterrevolution and restoration of undemocratic regimes («Pro1a»); Second, the economic, political, social impact on the processes of transformation and possibility of blackmailing, «wild lustration» through the save / restore nomenclature networks ancient regime ( «Pro1b»).Factor «Pro2» – lustration as a political institution whose activity contributes to the democratization of the country, which has three main aspects: a) lustration and public trust («Pro 2a»); b) lustration and corruption and bureaucracy («Pro 2b»); c) lustration civil and political culture (factor «Pro 2c»).Factor «Pro 3» – lustration as an institution a) justice and b) learning of truth.Proved that the pro-lustration argument in scientific discourse topics are diversified substantially at the same time, all the factors «pro» aimed mainly at protecting and improving the quality of democracy.Distinguished and characterized the counter-arguments for the lustration scientific discourse topic.Factor «Contra 1». Lustration as a restriction of human rights.Factor «Contra 2». Lustrations cause negative political and social consequences.Factor «Contra 3». Process of lustration is anti-moral.Proved, that the counter-arguments in scientific discourse are not considered so significant that would recognize the necessity of not lustration. Moreover, it is noted that the lustration is an effective institution not only at the beginning of the transformation, but over time, their importance for the consolidation of democracy are also important.Established that the discussion «pro et contra» lustrations in CEE and the former Soviet Union holds a significant place in modern scientific studies on the topic. However, it has an antagonistic character, and pro-lustrations argument is dominant. In addition, a significant majority of authors today convinced of the positive impact of lustrations processes of transformation in general and on the formation and improvement of the quality of democracies in particular.Статья посвящена изучению современного научного дискурса на тему люстраций в странах Центрально-Восточной Европы. Определены и охарактеризованы аргументы «за» и «против» люстрационных практик. Обозначено, что среди про-люстрационых факторов наиболее распространенными являются: интерпретация люстрации как политического института, деятельность которого необходима для защиты нового режима как вначале трансформационных изменений, так и в процессе консолидации демократии, а также люстрации способствуют восстановлению справедливости и познанию истины о прошлом и настоящем. Указано, что аргументация «pro et contra» люстраций в научном дискурсе не имеет антагонистического содержания, при этом доминирующие позиции занимают факторы «pro». На практике же проявление обеих групп аргументов («pro et contra») обуславливается другими факторами: моделью люстрации, временем и местом ее проведения, конфигурацией политических элит и др

Identification of mimotopes of <it>Mycobacterium leprae</it> as potential diagnostic reagents

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An early diagnostic test for detecting infection in leprosy is fundamental for reducing patients’ sequelae. The currently used lepromin is not adequate for disease diagnosis and, so far, no antigen to be used in intradermoreaction has proved to be sensitive and specific for that purpose. Aiming at identifying new reagents to be used in skin tests, candidate antigens were investigated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Random peptide phage display libraries were screened by using antibodies from leprosy patients in order to identify peptides as diagnostic reagents.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Seven different phage clones were identified using purified antibodies pooled from sera of leprosy patients. When the clones were tested with serum samples by ELISA, three of them, 5A, 6A and 1B, allowed detecting a larger number of leprosy patients when compared to controls. The corresponding peptides expressed by selected phage clones were chemically synthesized. A pilot study was undertaken to assess the use of peptides in skin tests. The intradermal challenge with peptides in animals previously sensitized with <it>Mycobacterium leprae</it> induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity with peptide 5A (2/5) and peptide 1B (1/5). In positive controls, there was a 3/5 reactivity for lepromin and a 4/5 reactivity of the sensitized animals with soluble extract of <it>M. leprae.</it></p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The preliminary data suggest that may be possible to develop reagents with diagnostic potential based on peptide mimotopes selected by phage display using polyclonal human antibodies.</p

Joint searches for gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos

Many of the astrophysical sources and violent phenomena observed in our Universe are potential joint emitters of gravitational waves and high-energy cosmic radiation, in the form of photons, hadrons, and also neutrinos. This has triggered a collaborative analysis project between gravitational wave detectors and high-energy neutrino telescopes. In this article, we review some of the motivations for having pursuing science jointly and present the effort’s status

Open questions in astrophysically triggered gravitational wave searches

Sources of gravitational waves are often expected to also be observable through several other messengers, such as gamma rays, X-rays, optical, radio, and/or neutrino emission. Some of these channels are already being used in searches for gravitational waves with the LIGO-GEO600-Virgo interferometer network, and others are currently being incorporated into new searches. Astrophysical targets include gamma-ray bursts, soft-gamma repeaters, supernovae, and glitching pulsars. The simultaneous observation of electromagnetic or neutrino emission could be a crucial aspect for the first direct detection of gravitational waves. Information on the progenitor, such as trigger time, direction and expected frequency range, can enhance our ability to identify gravitational wave signatures with amplitudes close to the noise floor of the detector. Furthermore, combining gravitational waves with electromagnetic and neutrino observations will enable the extraction of scientific insight that was hidden from us before. The paper discusses the status of transient multimessenger detection efforts as well as intriguing questions that might be resolved in the future by advanced and third generation gravitational wave detector

Predictions for the Rates of Compact Binary Coalescences Observable by Ground-based Gravitational-wave Detectors

International audienceWe present an up-to-date, comprehensive summary of the rates for all types of compact binary coalescence sources detectable by the Initial and Advanced versions of the ground-based gravitational-wave detectors LIGO and Virgo. Astrophysical estimates for compact-binary coalescence rates depend on a number of assumptions and unknown model parameters, and are still uncertain. The most confident among these estimates are the rate predictions for coalescing binary neutron stars which are based on extrapolations from observed binary pulsars in our Galaxy. These yield a likely coalescence rate of 100 per Myr per Milky Way Equivalent Galaxy (MWEG), although the rate could plausibly range from 1 per Myr per MWEG to 1000 per Myr per MWEG. We convert coalescence rates into detection rates based on data from the LIGO S5 and Virgo VSR2 science runs and projected sensitivities for our Advanced detectors. Using the detector sensitivities derived from these data, we find a likely detection rate of 0.02 per year for Initial LIGO-Virgo interferometers, with a plausible range between 0.0002 and 0.2 per year. The likely binary neutron-star detection rate for the Advanced LIGO-Virgo network increases to 40 events per year, with a range between 0.4 and 400 per year

Search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence in LIGO and Virgo data from S5 and VSR1

We report the results of the first search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence using data from the LIGO and Virgo detectors. Five months of data were collected during the concurrent S5 (LIGO) and VSR1 (Virgo) science runs. The search focused on signals from binary mergers with a total mass between 2 and 35 Msun. No gravitational waves are identified. The cumulative 90%-confidence upper limits on the rate of compact binary coalescence are calculated for non-spinning binary neutron stars, black hole-neutron star systems, and binary black holes to be 8.7x10^-3, 2.2x10^-3 and 4.4x10^-4 yr^-1 L_10^-1 respectively, where L_10 is 10^10 times the blue solar luminosity. These upper limits are compared with astrophysical expectations