Evaluation des Coupes-Rases Par la Télédétection et Les Systèmes d’Information Géographique dans la Forêt Classée de Djigbé (Bénin)

Le paysage des forêts classées étant de plus en plus anthropisé à cause de la pression démographique, optimiser le suivi du prélèvement du bois serait un défi pour la gestion rationnelle des forêts au sud Bénin. A cet effet, cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’exploitation forestière faite par coupes-rases. Ce qui implique une estimation de l’évolution du massif forestier et donc de la disponibilité en bois pour une gestion planifiée et durable de la forêt classée de Djigbé (commune de Zè). La méthode utilisée relève de la télédétection et les Systèmes d’Information Géographique (SIG). Elle inclue la photo – interprétation par classification supervisée, le calcul de l’indice normalisée de végétation (NDVI) aboutissant à la restitution cartographique des coupesrases. Ainsi, la détection des coupes-rases a été suivie à partir des images satellitaires de type Landsat 8 des années 2014 à 2017. La détection automatisée des changements d’un état végétatif à un état non végétatif basée sur l’analyse de l’indice normalisé de la végétation (NDVI) entre deux dates a été utilisée. Des missions de géoréférencement des zones de coupes-rases dans la forêt classée de Djigbé ont aidé aux traitements des images à partir du logiciel ENVI 4.7. Les coupes-rases détectées ont par la suite été restituées par cartographie. Les résultats de détection des coupes-rases ont été statistiquement vérifiés par des matrices de confusion. Les emplacements de coupes-rases détectées pendant la période Décembre 2014-décembre 2015 diffèrent de celle de décembre 2015-janvier 2017. Chaque classe de coupe regroupée suivant un degré de certitude, respectant donc un cloisonnement donné. Ce qui renseigne sur la précision de la méthode automatisée de détection. La détection des coupes a été réalisée suivant trois valeurs de probabilité de présence de coupes-rases. Ces valeurs de probabilité sont : faible (1σ), moyenne (2σ) et forte (3σ) désignées par l’expression « degré de certitude ». Quelle que soit la classe et la période, le nombre de coupe est plus important chronologiquement pour le degré de certitude faible (1σ), moyenne (2σ) et forte (3σ). Les coupes-rases de détection supérieure ou égale à 1ha dans la plantation domaniale de Djigbé couvrent 234,63 ha. Ce qui induit une estimation de la disponibilité en bois qui est diminuée de cette même superficie détectée durant la période prise en compte par l’étude. Considérant le classement des coupes-rases suivant les degrés de certitude « moyenne » et « forte », sur l’ensemble des 234,63 ha, les proportions détectées ont été respectivement de 76 et de 24 %. La détection par images satellitaires et la cartographie est un outil de suivi et d’évaluation pertinent. Cet outil contribue à l’analyse périodique d’images satellitaires et la simulation de l’évolution de la ressource bois en plantation. Les résultats de cette étude permettent ainsi d’apprécier avec impartialité l’évolution du prélèvement et le suivi à distance de l’exploitation du bois. L’appropriation de l’utilisation de cet outil par les acteurs forestiers pour l’estimation de la ressource bois disponible, contribuerait à une meilleure gestion des forêts. The landscape of classified forests us being more and more anthropized because of demographic pressure. As a result, optimizing the monitoring of wood removal would be a challenge for the rational management of forests in southern Benin. This paper focuses on assessing logging done by clear-cutting. This implies an estimate of the evolution of the forest massif and therefore of the availability of wood for a planned and sustainable management of the classified forest of Djigbé (commune of Zè). The method used is based on remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It includes photo interpretation by supervised classification and the calculation of the standardized vegetation index (NDVI) leading to the cartographic restitution of the clear-cuts. Thus, the clearing detection was followed from Landsat 8 type satellite images from2014 to 2017. Automated detection of changes from a vegetative to a non-vegetative state based on the analysis of the index normalized vegetation (NDVI) between two dates was used. Georeferencing missions of clearcut areas in the classified forest of Djigbé helped image processing using the ENVI 4.7 software. The level cuts detected were subsequently restored by mapping. The shaving cutter detection results were statistically verified by confusion matrices. The clearing locations detected during the period December 2014 to December 2015 differ from that of December 2015 to January 2017. Each cutting class was grouped according to a degree of certainty, thus respecting a given partitioning. This provides information on the accuracy of the automated detection method. The detection of the cuts was carried out according to three values of probability of the presence of clear-cuts. These probability values are: low (1σ), medium (2σ), and high (3σ) designated by the expression "degree of certainty". Whatever the class and the period, the number of cuts is more important chronologically for the degree of certainty low (1σ), medium (2σ), and strong (3σ). The leveling shafts of detection greater than or equal to 1 ha in the national plantation of Djigbé cover 234.63 ha. This leads to an estimate of the availability of wood, which is reduced by the same area detected during the period taken into account by the study. Considering the classification of clearcuts according to the degrees of certainty "medium" and "strong", on the whole of the 234.63 ha, the proportions detected were respectively 76 and 24%. Detection by satellite images and mapping is a relevant monitoring and evaluation tool. This tool contributes to the periodic analysis of satellite images and the simulation of the evolution of the wood resource in plantation. The results of this study thus allow an impartial assessment of the evolution of the harvest and remote monitoring of logging. The appropriation of the use of this tool by forest stakeholders, for the estimation of the available wood resource, would contribute to better forest management

Improving Participation Rates for Women of Color in Health Research: The Role of Group Cohesion

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0241-6.Adherence to physical activity and dietary interventions is a common challenge. Interventions that use group cohesion strategies show promise for increasing adherence, but have not been tested among women of color. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dimensions of group cohesion mediate the association between intervention condition and attendance within a community physical activity program for women of color. African American and Hispanic or Latina women (N=310) completed measurements at baseline and post-intervention and participated in a social cohesion intervention to improve physical activity and dietary habits. Women were assigned to a physical activity or fruit and vegetable intervention group. Social and task cohesion was measured using the Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire (PAGE-Q). Attendance was recorded at each of six intervention sessions. Women were generally middle-age (M age = 46.4 years, SD=9.1) and obese (M BMI = 34.4 kg/m2, SD=7.7). The estimate of the mediated effect was significant for all group cohesion constructs, indicating both task constructs—attraction to the group’s task (SE=0.096, CI: −0.599 to −0.221) and group integration around the task (SE=0.060, CI: −0.092 to −0.328)—and social constructs—attraction to the group’s social aspects (SE=0.046, CI: −0.546 to −0.366) and group integration around social aspects (SE=0.046, CI: −0.546 to −0.366)—significantly mediated the association between group assignment and attendance. Both task and social constructs are important to improve attendance in health promotion interventions for women of color

PLoS One

BACKGROUND: In Cote d'Ivoire, people living with HIV (PLHIV) have free access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cotrimoxazole. Yet, they may use other medications to treat non-HIV diseases. Scarce data are available regarding the use of non-HIV medications in Africa. This study describes the use of non-HIV medications and identifies the factors associated with their use by PLHIV on ART in Cote d'Ivoire. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in six HIV clinics in 2016. HIV-1-infected adults receiving ART for at least one year were eligible. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect demographics, HIV characteristics and medication use data. Associated factors were identified using a multivariate adjusted Poisson regression. RESULTS: A total of 1,458 participants (74% women) were enrolled. The median age was 44 years, and the median duration of ART was 81 months. A total of 696 (48%) participants reported having used at least one non-HIV medication. Among the 1,519 non-HIV medications used, 550 (36%) had not been prescribed and 397 (26%) were from the nervous system class. Individuals who were more likely to report the use of at least one non-HIV medication included those who had been treated in an Abidjan HIV clinic, had a high school education level, had a monthly income between 152 and 304 euros, had a poor perceived health status, had WHO advanced clinical stage, had used traditional medicine products and had not used cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSION: Almost half PLHIV on ART reported using non-HIV medication. Further research is needed to assess whether the use of non-HIV medication is appropriate given about a third of those medications are not being prescribed

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing