562 research outputs found
THE STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN A DECLINING RURAL COMMUNITY
Labor and Human Capital,
Cubane Tetrameric Complexes of Copper(I) Chloride and Bromide with Triphenyl Phosphite
The crystal structures of tetra-/z3-chloro-tetrakis[(triphenyl phosphite-P)copper(I)], [CunC14(CI8HI503P)4], and tetra-#3-bromo-tetrakis [ (triphenyl phosphite-P) - copper(I)], [Cu4Br4(CI8H1503P)4], are described. Both have distorted \u27cubane\u27 CuaX4 cores. Distortion of the cubane structure is reflected in X--Cu--X angles \u3e 90 ° and Cu--X--Cu angles \u3c 90 °, and is more pronounced in the bromide complex
Remote Sensing of Chiral Signatures on Mars
We describe circular polarization as a remote sensing diagnostic of chiral
signatures which may be applied to Mars. The remarkable phenomenon of
homochirality provides a unique biosignature which can be amenable to remote
sensing through circular polarization spectroscopy. The natural tendency of
microbes to congregate in close knit communities would be beneficial for such a
survey. Observations of selected areas of the Mars surface could reveal chiral
signatures and hence explore the possibility of extant or preserved biological
material. We describe a new instrumental technique that may enable observations
of this form.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures; to be published in Planetary and Space Scienc
Evidence for Dynamical Changes in a Transitional Protoplanetary Disk with Mid-infrared Variability
We present multi-epoch Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the
transitional disk LRLL 31 in the 2-3 Myr-old star forming region IC 348. Our
measurements show remarkable mid-infrared variability on timescales as short as
one week. The infrared continuum emission exhibits systematic
wavelength-dependent changes that suggest corresponding dynamical changes in
the inner disk structure and variable shadowing of outer disk material. We
propose several possible sources for the structural changes, including a
variable accretion rate or a stellar or planetary companion embedded in the
disk. Our results indicate that variability studies in the infrared can provide
important new constraints on protoplanetary disk behavior.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, accepted to ApJ Letter
Early Warning Signals of Ecological Transitions: Methods for Spatial Patterns
A number of ecosystems can exhibit abrupt shifts between alternative stable states. Because of their important ecological and economic consequences, recent research has focused on devising early warning signals for anticipating such abrupt ecological transitions. In particular, theoretical studies show that changes in spatial characteristics of the system could provide early warnings of approaching transitions. However, the empirical validation of these indicators lag behind their theoretical developments. Here, we summarize a range of currently available spatial early warning signals, suggest potential null models to interpret their trends, and apply them to three simulated spatial data sets of systems undergoing an abrupt transition. In addition to providing a step-by-step methodology for applying these signals to spatial data sets, we propose a statistical toolbox that may be used to help detect approaching transitions in a wide range of spatial data. We hope that our methodology together with the computer codes will stimulate the application and testing of spatial early warning signals on real spatial data
Methods For Detecting Early Warnings Of Critical Transitions In Time Series Illustrated Using Simulated Ecological Data
Many dynamical systems, including lakes, organisms, ocean circulation patterns, or financial markets, are now thought to have tipping points where critical transitions to a contrasting state can happen. Because critical transitions can occur unexpectedly and are difficult to manage, there is a need for methods that can be used to identify when a critical transition is approaching. Recent theory shows that we can identify the proximity of a system to a critical transition using a variety of so-called ‘early warning signals’, and successful empirical examples suggest a potential for practical applicability. However, while the range of proposed methods for predicting critical is rapidly expanding, opinions on their practical use differ widely, and there is no comparative study that tests the limitations of the different methods to identify approaching critical transitions using time-series data. Here, we summarize a range of currently available early warning methods and apply them to two simulated time series that are typical of systems undergoing a critical transition. In addition to a methodological guide, our work offers a practical toolbox that may be used in a wide range of fields to help detect early warning signals of critical transitions in time series data.Organismic and Evolutionary Biolog
A CO Line and Infrared Continuum Study of the Active Star-Forming Complex W51
We present the results of an extensive observational study of the active
star-forming complex W51 that was observed in the J=2-1 transition of the 12CO
and 13CO molecules over a 1.25 deg x 1.00 deg region with the University of
Arizona Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope. We use a statistical
equilibrium code to estimate physical properties of the molecular gas. We
compare the molecular cloud morphology with the distribution of infrared (IR)
and radio continuum sources, and find associations between molecular clouds and
young stellar objects (YSOs) listed in Spitzer IR catalogs. The ratios of CO
lines associated with HII regions are different from the ratios outside the
active star-forming regions. We present evidence of star formation triggered by
the expansion of the HII regions and by cloud-cloud collisions. We estimate
that about 1% of the cloud mass is currently in YSOs.Comment: 18 pages, 29 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ
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