MAKING THE EFFECTIVE LINKS WITHIN THE CLIMATE REGIME COMPLEX: THE 2015 AGREEMENT

Climate change is a highly complex policy challenge. Its causes cut across all economic sectors. Solutions require many different kind of policy in energy, infrastructure, finance and innovation, to name just a few. At the international level, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is widely seen as the central pillar of a broader 'regime complex' , encompassing a number of formal and informal international policy processes. Negotiations on a new climate agreement should be concluded under the UNFCCC by the end of 2015. Many countries expect these negotiations to produce a durable and dynamic legal agreement, which can structure climate cooperation in the long-term. This raises the question: what can the new agreement do in order to better promote effective synergies within the different elements of the climate regime, and to manage potential frictions? This is the subject of this policy brief. The issue of regime fragmentation has gained more weight in recent times, as researchers and policy makers realise the complexity of climate change, and search for effective solutions. We can highlight four central reasons why the climate regime displays this degree of fragmentation: Ţ "TNFOUJPOFEBCPWFDMJNBUFDIBOHFJTBIJHIMZDPNQMFYNVMUJTFDUPSNVMUJTDBMFQSPCMFN"EESFTTJOHJUFƋFDUJWFMZSFRVJSFTDPPSEJOBUFEQPMJDZSFTQPOTFT JONBOZEPNBJOTPOHPJOHXPSLCZUIF0&$%GPSFYBNQMFBTTFTTFTUIFNVMUJQMFQPMJDZSFTQPOTFSFRVJSFEBUUIFOBUJPOBMMFWFMGSPNEJƋFSFOUTFDUPSBMQPMJDZQSPDFTTFT from energy policy, trade and competition policy, innovation policy, infrastructure planning, and financial regulation. The same principle holds at the international level.

Un Agenda de l'action pour la biodiversité : attentes et enjeux à court et moyen termes

Policy brief, Iddri Décryptage n°4 avril 201

Estimation of hydraulic conductivity and its uncertainty from grain-size data using GLUE and artificial neural networks

peer reviewedaudience: researcher, professionalVarious approaches exist to relate saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) to grain-size data. Most methods use a single grain-size parameter and hence omit the information encompassed by the entire grain-size distribution. This study compares two data-driven modelling methods, i.e.multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks, that use the entire grain-size distribution data as input for Ks prediction. Besides the predictive capacity of the methods, the uncertainty associated with the model predictions is also evaluated, since such information is important for stochastic groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are combined with a generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach to predict Ks from grain-size data. The resulting GLUE-ANN hydraulic conductivity predictions and associated uncertainty estimates are compared with those obtained from the multiple linear regression models by a leave-one-out cross-validation. The GLUE-ANN ensemble prediction proved to be slightly better than multiple linear regression. The prediction uncertainty, however, was reduced by half an order of magnitude on average, and decreased at most by an order of magnitude. This demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms classical data-driven modelling techniques. Moreover, a comparison with methods from literature demonstrates the importance of site specific calibration. The dataset used for this purpose originates mainly from unconsolidated sandy sediments of the Neogene aquifer, northern Belgium. The proposed predictive models are developed for 173 grain-size -Ks pairs. Finally, an application with the optimized models is presented for a borehole lacking Ks data

A comprehensive assessment of options for the legal form of the Paris Climate Agreement OPTIMIZING THE WIDE SPECTRUM OF LEGAL OPTIONS

Working PaperFor many years, the issue of the legal form of the new climate agreement has hovered over the international negotiations. Countries have insisted on first discussing substance. Indeed, it is here that the main divergences remain. However, one year out from the Paris climate conference, it is time to open the discussion on the legal form of the final agreement. The issue of legal form is often reduced to the negotiation of a 'binding' or 'non-binding' agreement. The bindingness of an international environ-mental agreement however depends on multiple parameters. We propose four parameters to be considered: the form of the core agreement; the 'anchoring' of commitments; mechanisms for transparency, accountabil-ty and facilitation; and mechanisms for compliance. Parties should assess pros and cons of these options, and the agreement be optimised across all four

L’accord à conclure à Paris en décembre 2015 ; une opportunité pour « dé » fragmenter la gouvernance internationale du climat ?

International audienc

« Dé »fragmenter le régime international du climat : quels leviers pour impulser une nouvelle dynamique par l’accord à conclure à Paris en décembre 2015 ?

International audienc

La glossodynie maladie (étude rétrospective sur 43 cas)

BORDEAUX2-BU Sci.Homme/Odontol. (330632102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF