The Effects of Ethiopia’s Investment Policy and Incentives on Smallholding Farmers

Nowadays developing countries are highly attracting foreign investors especially who have food and biofuel energy demands. Surprisingly, the hostage country like Ethiopia, and coming in investors have similar interests. Ethiopia opened the door for investors laying primary objectives: to gain foreign currency, technology exchange, creating job opportunity, and food security. The country designed the investment policy toward drawing in investors with red carpet incentives in the investment policies and legal documents and transferred an earmark 7 million hectares of smallholding farmers’ land. However, the objectives laid above left only being paper value without bringing into effect the promises. Nevertheless, the government inclined its focus only on earning foreign currency encouraging the investor to export or supply their product to the exporter. The article explores the issue at hand with the policy implementation theories, concepts, approaches, government documents and other references through thoroughly reviewed literature the effects the smallholding farmers facing under the investment policy and incentives. The article revealed that the challenges the smallholders facing under investment plan is worse than their past status quo. The policy and incentives favor the investors than smallholders and local people; dispossessing and displacing them from their land, lacks them food security, unemployment, low wage and sociocultural problems which resulted in reaction against the investors, crop fields, companies with fierce protests and resistances.

Human Disease from Influenza A (H5N1), Thailand, 2004

Direct contact with sick poultry, young age, pneumonia and lymphopenia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome should prompt specific laboratory testing for H5 influenza

Magnetite (Fe3O4) and nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) zeta potential measurements at high temperature: Part II – Results, study of the influence of temperature, boron concentration and lithium concentration on the zeta potential

International audiencePredicting the deposition of typical corrosion products (CPs) particles formed in the primary system of pressurized water reactors (PWRs) is important for system integrity and the radioprotection of nuclear workers. Such corrosion products foul heat transfer surfaces, promote localized corrosion and, when made radioactive in the reactor core, transport throughout the coolant system and give rise to radiation fields around components. Accurately predicting CPs’ propensity to transport and deposit around the system entails knowing their zeta potentials, quantities that until now have been unavailable. The zeta potentials of magnetite and nickel ferrite particles between 20 °C and 240 °C have been measured in the chemical conditions representative of an operating cycle of the primary system of PWRs. The measurements were performed via the streaming potential method as described in a previous paper – Part I. The measured values increased with temperature but decreased with increasing concentrations of boron and lithium. They are suitable for predicting radiation field growth around components of a typical PWR system

Simultaneous HPLC quantitative analysis of mangostin derivatives in Tetragonula pagdeni propolis extracts

Propolis has been used as indigenous medicine for curing numerous maladies. The one that is of ethnopharmacological use is stingless bee propolis from Tetragonula pagdeni. A simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) investigation was developed and validated to determine the contents of bioactive compounds: 3-isomangostin, gamma-mangostin, beta-mangostin, and alpha-mangostin. HPLC analysis was effectively performed using a Hypersil BDS C18 column, with the gradient elution of methanol–0.2% formic acid and a flow rate of 1 ml/min, at 25 °C and detected at 245 nm. Parameters for the validation included accuracy, precision, linearity, and limits of quantitation and detection. The developed HPLC technique was precise, with lower than 2% relative standard deviation. The recovery values of 3-isomangostin, gamma-mangostin, beta-mangostin, and alpha-mangostin in the extracts were 99.98%, 99.97%, 98.98% and 99.19%, respectively. The average contents of these mixtures in the propolis extracts collected from different seasons were 0.127%, 1.008%, 0.323% and 2.703% (w/w), respectively. The developed HPLC technique was suitable and practical for the simultaneous analysis of these mangostin derivatives in T. pagdeni propolis and would be a valuable guidance for the standardization of its pharmaceutical products

Effect of Ethanolamine, Ammonia, Acetic Acid, and Formic Acid on Two-Phase Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Steam–Water Cycles

Effects of ethanolamine, ammonia, and acetic and formic acid on two-phase flow-accelerated corrosion were investigated in an experimental loop simulating the conditions found in a water-steam cycle. Results indicate that the effects of acetic acid and ethanolamine on the corrosion rate neutralize each other. The effect of acetic acid on the corrosion rate was most pronounced at the highest tested steam quality. A model simulation for liquid film pH at 90% steam quality suggests that at very high steam qualities the protection ethanolamine provides increases, while the protection provided by ammonia goes down. A linear relation between calculated liquid film pH and the measured corrosion rate was found for 24% steam quality within a pH range from 5.6 to 6.3. Formic acid was thermally unstable at the tested temperatures and had no effect on the corrosion rate