A wind tunnel investigation of the shape of uncharged raindrops in the presence of an external, electric field

Results of a wind tunnel experiment in which electrically uncharged water drops of 500 to 3000 microns equivalent radius are freely suspended in the vertical air stream of the UCLA cloud tunnel are presented. During this suspension the drops were exposed to external vertical electric fields of 500 to 8,000 volts/cm. The change in drop shape with drop size and electric field strength was noted and is discussed in the light of theoretical work cited in the literature which unfortunately does not take into account the effects of air flow past the drop. The wind tunnel study is documented by stills from a 16 mm film record that demonstrates the shape of water drops in response to both hydrodynamic and electric forces

Effect of organic fertilizers on permanent grasslands in the Lower Beskids – the Polish part of the Western Carpathians.

The aim of the study was to determine the actual dispersal of N and P from cattle slurry on permanent grasslands in the Low Beskid Mountains located in the Polish segment of the Western Carpathians. This has a special impact on environmental conservation and quality of life in rural submontane areas. The study used slurry from Simmental and HF cattle. The experiment was conducted on 120 ha of pastures and mown meadows in a clay loam soil. Data were statistically analysed with Statgraph using Duncan’s test. After slurry application, N, P, K content and NH3 emission were measured, and chemical analysis of the plant material was performed. Initial N and P content in meadows was 15.85 and 34.5 kg/ha; in pastures, N content was about 50% higher and P content about 30% lower. This N to P ratio in permanent grasslands resulted, among others, from N loss through emission and leaching. Over 22% and 27% N were leached in meadow and pasture. P loss from leaching was 5.5 kg. The use of slurry as a fertilizer also led to N loss through emission. Following slurry application, N emission as ammonia was 9.8 kg in meadow and 28.9 kg in pasture. Accumulation of elements in grass yields of meadows and pastures was 70.77 – 78.23 kg for N and 20 – 16.5 kg for P. Several technological factors of dairy farming contribute to periodic variations in the biogenic amines content of natural fertilizers. Before their use as fertilizer, the essential and permissible doses must be calculated based on current chemical analyses. Classical methods of soil slurry application cause large N losses as NH3 emissions. N loss from leaching is directly proportional to N content in a single fertilizer dose. This observation refers to the permissible level of 170 kg N/ha. P fertilization also involved a high level of leaching, which is directly related to an almost 80% content of mineral P in cattle slurry

Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future: The Potential of Digital Archaeology

This project brings together pioneers in the field during a two-day workshop to discuss the use, creation, and implementation of mobile tablet technology to advance paperless archaeology. Session themes will facilitate presentation, demonstration, and discussion on how archaeologists around the world use tablets or other digital tools in the field and lab and how best practices can be implemented across projects. The workshop will highlight the advantages and future of mobile computing and its challenges and limitations. The workshop will consist of formal paper sessions and opportunities for informal discussion of the issues and themes at moderated discussions, demonstrations, round tables, and speaker meals. The workshop's goal is to synthesize current practices and establish a blueprint for creating best practices and moving forward with mobile tablets in archaeology. The data generated will be made available through a website to promote ongoing discussion and information sharing

A framework for analyzing ground effects of atmospheric rivers

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are meteorological phenomena caused by filamented concentrated water vapor transport in the lower troposphere. Their variability has been found to link to floods and droughts. As the environment changes in part as a result of anthropogenic climate change, understanding ARs has become more important in the hopes of predicting what their local effects on the surface environment might be seen in the future. The purpose of this research is to build a workflow from data ingestion to analysis to find if there is correlation between the occurrence of atmospheric rivers and soil moisture, using the year of 2010 as an example. Although this research has found no such link, it is far from conclusive. More years of data as well as other soil moisture datasets may be beneficial to understanding the link between atmospheric rivers, soil moisture, and the human consequences of climate change

(Re)Constructing Antiquity : 3D Modeling the Terracotta Figurines from Athienou-Malloura, Cyprus

The Athienou Archaeological Project has been investigating long-term cultural change at the site of Athienou-Malloura and the surrounding region since 1990 through systematic excavation and pedestrian survey. The site was occupied for nearly 3,000 years, beginning in the early first millennium BCE. Our investigations have unearthed domestic, religious, and funerary contexts, with an impressive assemblage of material remains. The focus of excavations for the last decade has been the extra-urb..

Analysis of meteorology-chemistry interactions during air pollution episodes using online coupled models within AQMEII Phase-2

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).This study reviews the top ranked meteorology and chemistry interactions in online coupled models recommended by an experts’ survey conducted in COST Action EuMetChem and examines the sensitivity of those interactions during two pollution episodes: the Russian forest fires 25 Jul -15 Aug 2010 and a Saharan dust transport event from 1 Oct -31 Oct 2010 as a part of the AQMEII phase-2 exercise. Three WRF-Chem model simulations were performed for the forest fire case for a baseline without any aerosol feedback on meteorology, a simulation with aerosol direct effects only and a simulation including both direct and indirect effects. For the dust case study, eight WRF-Chem and one WRF-CMAQ simulations were selected from the set of simulations conducted in the framework of AQMEII. Of these two simulations considered no feedbacks, two included direct effects only and five simulations included both direct and indirect effects. The results from both episodes demonstrate that it is important to include the meteorology and chemistry interactions in online-coupled models. Model evaluations using routine observations collected in AQMEII phase-2 and observations from a station in Moscow show that for the fire case the simulation including only aerosol direct effects has better performance than the simulations with no aerosol feedbacks or including both direct and indirect effects. The normalized mean biases are significantly reduced by 10-20% for PM10 when including aerosol direct effects. The analysis for the dust case confirms that models perform better when including aerosol direct effects, but worse when including both aerosol direct and indirect effects, which suggests that the representation of aerosol indirect effects needs to be improved in the model.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Use of Cloud Observations and Mesoscale Meteorology Models to Evaluate and Improve Cloud Parameterizations

This research program utilizes satellite and surface-derived cloud observations together with standard meteorological measurements to evaluate and improve our ability to accurately diagnose cloud coverage. Results are to be used to compliment existing or future parameterizations of cloud effects in general circulation models, since nearly all cloud parameterizations must specify a fractional area of cloud coverage when calculating radiative or dynamic cloud effects, and current parameterizations rely on rather crude cloud cover estimates. We have compiled and reviewed a list of formulations used by various climate research groups to specify cloud cover. We find considerable variability between formulations used by various climate and meteorology models, and under some conditions, one formulation will produce a zero cloud amount, while an alternate formulation calculates 95% cloud cover under the same environmental conditions. All formulations hypothesize that cloud cover is predominantly determined by the average relative humidity, although some formulations allow local temperature lapse rates and vertical velocities to influence cloud amount

Ahmed , The Logo of the Elephant Interest Group: Encounters in Marsabit and Notes on His Model and Skeleton

Ahmed , the logo of the Elephant Interest Group, was a male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) that was born about 1919, possibly in the vicinity of Marsabit National Reserve, Kenya, East Africa. The name Ahmed is of Arabic origin (pronounced Ah-med ), and it means praised. At the age of 55 Ahmed was about 3 m (10 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed approximately 5 metric tons (about 11,000 lbs.). He had huge tusks for his size, measuring about 3 m (10 ft) each and averaging about 70 kg (150 lbs) each. Ahmed\u27s 300 pounds of ivory attracted hunters and, as a result, raised major concern for his safety among scientists and the general public. A total of 5,000 letters and cards was delivered to the East African Wildlife Society and resulted in a Presidential Decree issued by the late President Mzee Jomo Kenyatta to protect Ahmed. In addition, a team of human soldiers was assigned to watch his whereabouts around the clock. On January 17, 1974 Ahmed died, probably of natural causes, and his carcass was found almost two days later near Lake Paradise, in the Reserve. The skin was already in an advanced stage of decomposition. Ahmed was dissected on the spot by a team from the Zimmermann (1973) Limited Taxidermist, headed by Wolfgang Schenk, and the skeleton was transported to Nairobi, the capital, where it was prepared and mounted by J.C. Hillman. A fiberglas replica of the skin was made by Zimmermann\u27s team. The entire operation lasted two years and cost Kenyan Shillings 143,086 (about US $14,500). Both the skeleton and the replica are now on display at the National Museum of Kenya (NMK) in Nairobi. Ahmed is Kenya\u27s most celebrated elephant; he was and still is regarded as a national monument and remains the symbol of conservation. The NMK and the Kenyan Government should be commended for their tremendous efforts in preserving the remains of Ahmed

0.2. Mobile Computing in Archaeology: Exploring and Interpreting Current Practices

Since 2010, a range of mobile and internet-connected tablet computing devices (e.g., iPads) have been integrated into archaeological practice, with projects experimenting with new approaches to documenting, interpreting, and publishing material culture. The rapid pace of this change has led to a tension in the discipline as archaeologists have begun to realize how creating and manipulating born-digital data could fundamentally alter archaeological knowledge production. We are thus at a critical time for archaeology as it moves from a paper-based discipline to an increasingly digital one. There is a growing sense that the change is good, but that it must be critically and reflexively embraced to prevent the discipline from losing what has made it so vital to social discourse: its ability to shed light on the human past. This contribution outlines the debates surrounding digital archaeologies while laying the groundwork for their reflexive and ethical application. As the introductory chapter to Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future, it draws on over twenty studies of contemporary digital archaeological practices to suggest that the transition to paperless workflows is an ongoing process that has the potential to improve archaeological interpretations. This review of current practices engages with the collection, manipulation, interpretation, and dissemination of archaeological data as it passes through the digital filter from trench side to the digital repository and examines what is being gained, lost, or changed through such processes. This overview not only presents a concise and informative introduction to the timely themes explored in the volume, but also offers a cumulative, informed, and critical perspective on how digital technologies are transforming archaeology and what it can tell us about the past.https://dc.uwm.edu/arthist_mobilizingthepast/1001/thumbnail.jp

Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future : The Potential of Digital Archaeology

Mobilizing the Past is a collection of 20 articles that explore the use and impact of mobile digital technology in archaeological field practice. The detailed case studies present in this volume range from drones in the Andes to iPads at Pompeii, digital workflows in the American Southwest, and examples of how bespoke, DIY, and commercial software provide solutions and craft novel challenges for field archaeologists. The range of projects and contexts ensures that Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future is far more than a state-of-the-field manual or technical handbook. Instead, the contributors embrace the growing spirit of critique present in digital archaeology. This critical edge, backed by real projects, systems, and experiences, gives the book lasting value as both a glimpse into present practices as well as the anxieties and enthusiasm associated with the most recent generation of mobile digital tools. This book emerged from a workshop funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities held in 2015 at Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston. The workshop brought together over 20 leading practitioners of digital archaeology in the U.S. for a weekend of conversation. The papers in this volume reflect the discussions at this workshop with significant additional content. Starting with an expansive introduction and concluding with a series of reflective papers, this volume illustrates how tablets, connectivity, sophisticated software, and powerful computers have transformed field practices and offer potential for a radically transformed discipline.https://dc.uwm.edu/arthist_mobilizingthepast/1000/thumbnail.jp