Radial distribution of cosmic ray intensity in the galaxy from gamma-ray data

The radial distributions of Galactic gamma-ray emissivity and cosmic ray intensity are derived by unfolding the SAS2 line flux data. The results show a marked gradient, with the cosmic ray intensity in the region 3,R,7 kpc being 3 to 4 times as much as locally. There is also an indication for a higher gradient for cosmic rays of lower energy

Societal Integration and Radical Islam Among Muslim Immigrants in Europe and the United States

Little research has been done using Social Disorganization Theory to explain the radicalization of Muslim immigrants in Europe and the United States. The author\u27s intention is to offer a concise and clear comparison between the relationship of societal integration and radical Islam among Muslims living in Europe and the United States. The research modeled the application of Social Disorganization Theory which is seated in the idea that social disorder in communities creates disagreements in fundamental values, norms with behavioral irregularity and deviance. Radicalization of Muslim immigrants living in non-Muslim countries exists when there is a low degree of internal bonding to individuals and institutions in their societies. Radicalization of Muslims can lead to their interest, support and even participation in terrorist groups and activities against non-Muslim communities. The author examined independent variables to test the level of societal integration and radicalization among Muslim immigrants living in Europe and the United States. The benefit of highlighting vulnerabilities among Muslim immigrants may prevent and reduce the spread of radical Islam and possible terrorist attacks in Europe and in the United States

The rate of module degradation due to PID effect and impact on the power plant

Použití různých metod testování k diagnostice fotovoltaického modulu, nejprve procházením degradací a poté jeho obrácením s procesem regenerace. Práce má dvě hlavní části, teoretickou a praktickou. Teoretická část se zaměřuje na obecný pohled na obnovitelnou energii a na sluneční energii, zatímco praktická část měla dva experimenty, ověřování intenzity PID v laboratoři a měření degradace PID v poli v elektrárně.Using different methods of testing to diagnose a photovoltaic module, firstly by going through degradation and then reverse it with the regeneration process. The thesis has two main parts, the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part focuses on a general view of renewable energy and focuses on solar energy, while the practical part had two experiments, verifying the intensity of the PID in lab and measurement of PID degradation in the field at the power plant

CRYPTOSYSTEM FROM MULTIPLE BIOMETRIC MODALITIES

One of the most important parts of cryptographic systems is key generation. Researchers, for a long time period, have been inventing ways to produce tough and repeatable cryptographic keys. Keys that had these features are hard to be memorized and may be stolen or lost. For this purpose using biometric features to generate cryptographic key is the best way. Most previous Researchers focused to extract features and generate key from an individual biometric, but it is hard to be used in multi stages cryptographic systems. Therefore, this approach is enhancing the cryptographic systems by using long and complex cryptographic keys that are hard to be guessed and do not need to be memorized and provide better usage in multi stages cryptographic systems by extracting features from multi biometrics, That provides accuracy 99.83% with time less than using individual biometric by 90%

Nilai Sikap dan Keputusan Kerja dalam Perspektif al-Qurán

This research is an attempt to describe and align the study of organizational behavior in the Western worldview with the text rules found in the Qur'an as the main reference of Muslims. This study takes studies from several books and research that have been published as primary and secondary data. From the results of the study found the Qurán taught his people the importance of values, attitudes, and work decisions. The spiritual values of Islam listed in the Qur'an are the main values that Muslims must uphold so as to reflect appropriate attitudes and produce decisions that are in line with the rules, conditions and do not contradict the values contained in the Qur'an. This research shows that working in the view of Islam is part of Worship, so all decisions taken must be oriented towards the good of the world and the hereafter and reflected in the attitude of work that is a manifestation of the values ingrained in each Muslim individual

Some Probability Characteristics Functions of the Solution of a Stochastic Non-Linear Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind

In this research, some probability characteristics functions (probability density, characteristic, correlation and spectral density) are derived depending upon the smallest variance of the exact solution of supposing stochastic non-linear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind found by Adomian decomposition method (A.D.M

Direct sums decompositions: applications

In this thesis we study the behavior of direct sum decomposition\u27s in the category of modules. We present some of the most important classical results involving direct sum decomposition\u27s for modules (e.g. Krull-Schmidt theorem, decomposition theorems for finitely generated modules over PID etc.). In the last part of the thesis we obtain new results, namely isomorphic refinement theorems for direct sum decomposition\u27s of regular modules. We also obtain a link between regular modules and the exchange property

Environmental drivers of soil and plant microbiomes in agricultural and grassland ecosystems

Soils and plant microbial communities are intricately linked to ecosystem functioning as they play important roles in nutrients dynamics as decomposers and feedback to plant communities as mutualists and pathogens. Numerous soil physicochemical factors as well as the land use management are shaping the composition and dynamics of microbial community. In addition, global warming and climate change are the most prominent of all environmental factors that influence all kinds of the living organisms including microbes associated to the plant soil systems. A better understanding of the environmental drivers shaping these microbial communities especially under future climate will help to understand and predict the expected changes of ecosystems functions and accordingly of the services they provide. In addition, such knowledge will help to detect potential ways on how soil microorganisms can be harnessed to help mitigating the negative consequences of climate change.The Global Change Experimental Facility (GCEF) is settled in the field research station of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) in Bad Lauchstädt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany (51_22’60 N, 11_50’60 E, 118 m a.s.l.). This facility has been designed to investigate the consequences of a predicted future climate scenario expected in 50-70 years in Central Germany on ecosystem processes under different land-use regimes applied on large field plots in comparison to similar sets of plots under the ambient climate. We performed our study using this research facility, with the aim to analyze the impact of future climate conditions, soil physicochemical factors, and/or land use type and intensity on microbial communities in different habitats (rhizosphere soil, plant endosphere, and plant residues) in grassland and cropland ecosystems. To assess the microbial communities, we used the highly sensitive and powerful highthroughput next generation sequencing, Illumina Miseq.This thesis constitutes the first assessment of microbial communities in the GCEF experimental facility. The samples were collected in 2015 for manuscript 4, while for manuscripts 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, the samples were collected in 2018-2019. Manuscript 1: (Sansupa, Wahdan, Hossen et al., 2021; Applied Science 2021, 11, 688) “Can we use functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) to assign the ecological functions of investigated the potential use of FAPROTAX for bacterial functional annotation in non-aquatic ecosystems, specifically in soil. For this study, we used microbial datasets of soil systems including rhizosphere soil of Trifolium pratense from the extensively used meadow plots in the GCEF. We hypothesized that FAPROTAX can be used in terrestrial ecosystems. Our survey revealed that FAPROTAX tool can be used for screening or grouping of 16S derived bacterial data from terrestrial ecosystems and its performance could be enhanced through improving the taxonomic and functional reference databases. Manuscript 2: (Wahdan et al., 2021; Frontiers in Microbiology 12:629169) “Targeting the active rhizosphere microbiome of Trifolium pratense in grassland evidences a stronger-than-expected belowground biodiversity-ecosystem functioning link”. In this study, we used the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocapture technique combined with pair-end Illumina sequencing to differentiate between total and active microbiomes (including both bacteria and fungi) in the rhizosphere of T. pratense. In the same rhizosphere soil samples, we also measured the activities of three microbial extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, (ß-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase), which play central roles in the C, N, and P acquisition. We investigated the proportion of active and total rhizosphere microbiomes, and their responses to the manipulated future climate in the GCEF. In addition, we identified the possible links between total and active microbiomes and the soil ecosystem function (extracellular enzyme production). Our results revealed that the active microbes of the rhizosphere represented 42.8 and 32.1% of the total bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), respectively. Active and total microbial fractions were taxonomically and functionally diverse and displayed different responses to variations of soil physicochemical factors. We also showed that the richness of overall and specific functional groups of active microbes in rhizosphere soil significantly correlated with the measured enzyme activities, while total microbial richness did not. Manuscript 3: (Wahdan et al., 2021; Microbiology Open 10:e1217) “Deciphering Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) holobiont reveals a resistant microbial community assembly to future climate changes predicted for the next 50–70 years”. We investigated the microbial communities of bacteria and fungi associated with four plant parts of T. pratense (the rhizosphere and the endopheres of the roots, whole shoot system (leaves and stems), and of the flower) and evaluated their potential ecological and metabolic functions in response to future climate conditions. This study was performed on the GCEF extensively managed grassland plots. Our analyses indicated that plant tissue/compartments differentiation enables the formation of a unique ecological niches that harbor specific microbial communities. Except for the fungal communities of the aboveground compartments, T. pratense microbiome diversity and community composition showed a resistance against the future climate changes. We also analyzed the predicted bacterial metabolic functional genes of red clover. Thereby, we detected microbial genes involved in plant growth processes, such as biofertilisation (nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilisation, and siderophore biosynthesis) and biostimulation (phytohormone and auxin production), which were not influenced by the future climate. Manuscript 4: (Wahdan et al., 2021; Environmental Microbiology) “Organic agricultural practice enhances arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in correspondence to soil warming and altered precipitation patterns”. This study was performed on the conventional and organic farming plots under both ambient and future climate conditions. We evaluated the effect of climate (ambient vs. future), agricultural practice (conventional vs. organic farming) and their interaction on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) community composition and richness inside wheat roots. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between molecular richness of indigenous root AMF and wheat yield parameters. Future climate altered the total AMF community composition and a sub-community of Glomeraceae. Further, application of different agricultural practices altered both total AMF and Glomeraceae community, whereby organic farming appeared to enhance total AMF and Diversisporaceae richness. Under the future climate scenario, organic farming enhanced total AMF and Gigasporaceae richness in comparison with conventional farming. Our results revealed a positive correlation between AMF richness and wheat nutrient contents not only in organic farming system but also under conventionally managed fields. Manuscript 5: (Wahdan et al., 2020; Microorganisms 8, 908) “Future climate significantly alters fungal plant pathogen dynamics during the early phase of wheat litter decomposition”. This study was performed on the conventional farming plots. We investigated the structure and ecological functions of fungal communities colonizing wheat during the early phase of decomposition (0, 30, and 60 days) under current and future climate conditions. We found that plant pathogenic fungi dominated (~87% of the total sequences) within the wheat residue mycobiome. Destructive wheat fungal pathogens such as Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium tricinctum, and Zymoseptoria tritci were detected under ambient and future climates. Additionally, the future climate brought new pathogens to the system. Manuscript 6: (Wahdan et al., 2021; Microbial Ecology 10.1007/s00248-021-01840-6) “Life in the wheat litter: effects of future climate on microbiome and function during the early phase of decomposition”. This study was performed on the conventional farming plots. We assessed the effects of climate change on microbial richness, community compositions, interactions and their functions (production of extracellular enzymes) in decomposing residues of wheat. In addition, we investigated the effects of climate change on litter residues physicochemical factors as well as on mass loss during the early phase of decomposition. Future climate significantly accelerated litter mass loss as compared with ambient one. Our results indicated that future climate significantly increased fungal richness and altered fungal communities over time, while bacterial communities were more resistant in wheat residues. Fungi corresponded to different physicochemical elements of litter under ambient (C, Ca2+ and pH) and future (C/N, N, P, K+, Ca2+ and pH) climate conditions. Also, a highly correlative interactions between richness of bacteria and fungi were detected under future climate. Activities of microbial β-glucosidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase in wheat straw were significantly higher under future climate. Such high enzymatic activities were coupled with a significant positive correlation between microbial (both bacteria and fungi) richness and community compositions with these two enzymatic activities only under future climate.:CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION……………………………………………….......III ZUSAMMENFASSUNG………………………………………………………...........V SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………..X GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………...............1 I-1 Ecosystem functions carried out by soil and plant microbiomes…………………..2 I-2 Biodiversity and functional diversity and maintenance of ecosystem functions……………..3 I-3 Total vs. active microbial diversity for assessing ecosystem functions……………4 I-4 Factors influencing soil and plant microbiota…………………………………..……6 I-4.1 Elements of climate changes……………………………………………................7 I-4.2 Climate changes influence microbes in an interacting, complex manner………8 I-4.3 Environmental factors controlling the response of microorganisms to climate changes………………………………………………………………………………….....10 I-5 Interplay between climate and land use intensity in agroecosystems……………11 I-6 Study site, and overall objectives………………………………………………....…12 I-7 Methods used for the taxonomic and functional characterization of the microbiomes……...15 I-8 Presentation of aims and hypotheses of the publications/manuscripts in different chapters.................................................................................................................16 I-9References.........................................................................................................20 CHAPTER 1 Can we use functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) to assign the ecological functions of soil bacteria? .....................................................................29 Publication…………………………………………………………………………...........31 Supplementary materials…………………………………………………………….......42 CHAPTER 2 Targeting the active rhizosphere microbiome of Trifolium pratense in grassland evidences a stronger-than-expected belowground biodiversity-ecosystem functioning link………………..........................................................................…49 Publication………………………………………………………………………………51 Supplementary materials……………………………………………………………..67 CHAPTER 3 Deciphering Trifolium pratense L. holobiont reveals a microbiome resilient to future climate changes……………………………………………….…………………………..89 Publication………………………………………………………………………………….91 Supplementary materials……………………………………………………………….111 CHAPTER 4 Organic agricultural practice enhances arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in correspondence to soil warming and altered precipitation patterns………………125 Publication……………………………………………………………………………….127 Supplementary materials………………………………………………………….......140 CHAPTER 5 Future climate significantly alters fungal plant pathogen dynamics during the early phase of wheat litter decomposition…...................………………….……………..156 Publication………………………………………………...…………….….…………...158 Supplementary materials………………………………………………….…....……..175 CHAPTER 6 Life in the wheat litter: effects of future climate on microbiome and function during the early phase of decomposition…………………………………….....……....…….181 Publication…………………………………..…………………………………….....…...183 Supplementary materials………………………………………………………………..199 GENERAL DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………….......210 D-I Approaches and main findings of the result chapters………………………..…211 D-2 Conclusion and implications of the study findings…………………………...…215 D-3 Technical limitation of the study……………………………………………......…217 D-4 Future prospects of the study field ...……………………………………………217 D-5 References…………………………………………………………………………..219 DATA AVAILABILITY……………………………………………………………………...223 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………......224 CURRICULUM VITAE……………………………………………………………….....…225 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS………………………………………………………….........226 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS…………………………………………………….....227 STATUTORY DECLARATION………………………………………………................228 VERIFICATION OF AUTHOR PARTS……………………………………………........22