Le patrimoine maritime culturel : de l'inventaire à l'action (exemple des espaces côtiers bretons)

http://www.meshs.fr/documents/pdf/publications/actes/colloque_littoral/Marie.pdfInternational audienceSeaside is an attractive territory, which is in perpetual evolution. However, the last evolutions have changed very quickly the coastal zone and raised the question of the identities, which are cultural creation. This paper deals with cultural maritime heritage, with example from the Breton coastal area. It takes part into the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). The research team of the “Observatoire du Patrimoine Maritime Culturel” set up a method of inventory of this specific heritage to make proposals of management geographically differentiated, to insert them into the public policies at different scales.Le patrimoine maritime culturel est un élément primordial et souvent oublié du développement durable des littoraux. Il existe pourtant, au sein de nos sociétés en mutation, un « risque culturel » de se couper du passé et par la même de perspectives d'avenir. Pour répondre à la nécessaire prise en compte des héritages maritimes – témoins de la diversité dans le temps et dans l'espace des relations Homme/mer –, un projet de recherche pluridisciplinaire et appliqué a été mis en place en appui des politiques publiques. Dans ce cadre, la question fondamentale est de réussir à passer du diagnostic à l'action, du simple inventaire des héritages maritimes à des propositions d'aménagement du territoire dans une démarche concertée avec les acteurs du littoral. L'objectif n'est pas de figer les territoires littoraux mais de les faire vivre. Il s'agit tout d'abord de cerner les éléments pris en compte. Dans un but d'accompagnement des mutations à l'œuvre actuellement sur les littoraux, ont été retenus comme éléments potentiels d'un patrimoine maritime culturel à mettre en valeur les éléments bâtis terrestres (phares, forteresses, conserveries, habitat de pêcheur, villas balnéaires...), les ouvrages maritimes (quais, digues...) et les éléments flottants (bateaux, pontons). Neuf champs patrimoniaux ont pu ainsi être définis. Les recherches sur le terrain et aux archives ont permis de réaliser une base de données géoréférencées dans laquelle chaque élément est présenté en trois volets : l'histoire, les caractéristiques techniques et juridiques, l'usage et le devenir. La spatialisation du territoire permet de donner une vue hiérarchisée de la distribution et de l'organisation spatiale de ces héritages maritimes. Des formes bien individualisées d'organisation de l'espace, en particulier celle des petits fronts portuaires, sont également mises en évidence afin de définir des types de risques et de proposer des types d'aménagement adaptés. L'étude a été réalisée dès le début en relation étroite avec les acteurs des littoraux à différentes échelles : locale, régionale, nationale. En effet, le patrimoine maritime culturel, comme tout patrimoine, est une construction sociale et culturelle développée en fonction d'un projet porté par la société ou les sociétés concernées. Aussi, des partenariats sont noués et des actions de sensibilisation sont menées en direction des divers publics. Il existe néanmoins des freins importants à la mise en place d'actions de valorisation du patrimoine maritime culturel. L'implication des élus et aménageurs n'est pas toujours à la hauteur des exigences en raison de leur manque d'intérêt pour le sujet. Les enjeux économiques à court terme, liés à la pression immobilière exercée actuellement sur les littoraux, s'opposent souvent à une politique de « développement culturel durable ». Les outils juridiques ne sont pas toujours adaptés. Quoi qu'il en soit, toute action de valorisation du patrimoine maritime culturel ne peut réussir que si elle est menée conjointement avec une politique de reconnaissance de son intérêt aux niveaux régional, national, voire aujourd'hui européen

3D individual based model for simultaneous growth and interaction of L. Monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria

International audienceBy interacting with pathogens, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are able to contribute to food safety. By means of their lactic acid production which induces pH decrease, LAB influence the growth of pathogens. The aim of this study is to model and simulate lactic acid production, pH evolution, according to carbohydrate concentration in media, temperature, water activity and ratio of both population

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

Early liver transplantation for severe alcohol-related hepatitis not responding to medical treatment: a prospective controlled study

peer reviewedBackground: Early liver transplantation for severe alcohol-related hepatitis is an emerging treatment option. We aimed to assess the risk of alcohol relapse 2 years after early liver transplantation for alcohol-related hepatitis compared with liver transplantation for alcohol-related cirrhosis after at least 6 months of abstinence. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, non-randomised, non-inferiority, controlled study in 19 French and Belgian hospitals. All participants were aged 18 years or older. There were three groups of patients recruited prospectively: patients with severe alcohol-related hepatitis who did not respond to medical treatment and were eligible for early liver transplantation according to a new selection scoring system based on social and addiction items that can be quantified in points (early transplantation group); patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation after at least 6 months of abstinence (standard transplantation group); patients with severe alcohol-related hepatitis not responding to medical treatment not eligible for early liver transplantation according to the selection score (not eligible for early transplantation group), this group did not enter any further liver transplantation processes. We also defined a historical control group of patients with severe alcohol-related hepatitis unresponsive to medical therapy and non-transplanted. The primary outcome was the non-inferiority of 2-year rate of alcohol relapse after transplantation in the early transplantation group compared with the standard transplantation group using the alcohol timeline follow back (TLFB) method and a prespecified non-inferiority margin of 10%. Secondary outcomes were the pattern of alcohol relapse, 2-year survival rate post-transplant in the early transplantation group compared with the standard transplantation group, and 2-year overall survival in the early transplantation group compared with patients in the not eligible for early transplantation group and historical controls. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01756794. Findings: Between Dec 5, 2012, and June 30, 2016, we included 149 patients with severe alcohol-related hepatitis: 102 in the early transplantation group and 47 in the not eligible for early transplantation group. 129 patients were included in the standard transplantation group. 68 patients in the early transplantation group and 93 patients in the standard transplantation group received a liver transplant. 23 (34%) patients relapsed in the early transplantation group, and 23 (25%) patients relapsed in the standard transplantation group; therefore, the non-inferiority of early transplantation versus standard transplantation was not demonstrated (absolute difference 9·1% [95% CI –∞ to 21·1]; p=0·45). The 2-year rate of high alcohol intake was greater in the early transplantation group than the standard transplantation group (absolute difference 16·7% [95% CI 5·8–27·6]) The time spent drinking alcohol was not different between the two groups (standardised difference 0·24 [95% CI −0·07 to 0·55]), but the time spent drinking a large quantity of alcohol was higher in the early transplantation group than the standard transplantation group (standardised difference 0·50 [95% CI 0·17–0·82]). 2-year post-transplant survival was similar between the early transplantation group and the standard transplantation group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·87 [95% CI 0·33–2·26]); 2-year overall survival was higher in the early transplantation group than the not eligible for early transplantation group and historical controls (HR 0·27 [95% CI 0·16–0·47] and 0·21 [0·13–0·32]). Interpretation: We cannot conclude non-inferiority in terms of rate of alcohol relapse post-transplant between early liver transplantation and standard transplantation. High alcohol intake is more frequent after early liver transplantation. This prospective controlled study confirms the important survival benefit related to early liver transplantation for severe alcohol-related hepatitis; and this study provides objective data on survival and alcohol relapse to tailor the management of patients with severe alcohol-related hepatitis. Funding: The present study has been granted by the French Ministry of Health—Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 2010

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Supramolecular effects on the reactivity and structure of radical ions derived from aromatic carbaldehydes and crownophanes

In this work, the influence of supramolecular effects on the reactivity and the geometry of radical ions is illustrated by two examples. (1) The reactivity of the radical anions of aromatic carbaldehydes towards the formation of semidiones depends on two main factors: the spin population at the carbonyl carbon atom and the strength of the anion-cation interaction (ion-pairing conditions). In the presence of the starting aldehyde and of the ketyl, the diolate formed by a primary ketyl-ketyl coupling undergoes an electron transfer and two hydrogen transfer to yield the semidione. (2) The study of the radical anions and cations of crownophanes has revealed that the radical anions are not bound to the counterions (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) preferentially at the crown-ether moiety, but that an association with the delocalised, negatively charged pi system of the tetraphenylethene moiety is induced. On the contrary, there are indications that a positively charged tetraphenylethene moiety allows the interaction of a cation with the crown-ether

Supramolecular effects on the reactivity and structure of radical ions derived from aromatic carbaldehydes and crownophanes

In this work, the influence of supramolecular effects on the reactivity and the geometry of radical ions is illustrated by two examples. (1) The reactivity of the radical anions of aromatic carbaldehydes towards the formation of semidiones depends on two main factors: the spin population at the carbonyl carbon atom and the strength of the anion-cation interaction (ion-pairing conditions). In the presence of the starting aldehyde and of the ketyl, the diolate formed by a primary ketyl-ketyl coupling undergoes an electron transfer and two hydrogen transfer to yield the semidione. (2) The study of the radical anions and cations of crownophanes has revealed that the radical anions are not bound to the counterions (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) preferentially at the crown-ether moiety, but that an association with the delocalised, negatively charged pi system of the tetraphenylethene moiety is induced. On the contrary, there are indications that a positively charged tetraphenylethene moiety allows the interaction of a cation with the crown-ether

Development and numerical validation of a 2-scale computational model to study the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metals

This work aims at predicting the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline structure using a 2-scale approach. Molecular simulations using the quasicontinuum method (QC) are performed to obtain the mechanical responses of the grain-boundaries and grains at the nanoscale. A finite element model is then calibrated using these atomistic results. This 2-scale model accounts for intergranular and intragranular plasticity, can predict the intergranular failure, and is able to study large structures