29 research outputs found
Disentangling extrinsic and intrinsic motivations: the case of French GPs dealing with prevention
The economic literature attaches great importance to the analysis of "professional motivations", in particular examining the possible crowding-out effects between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. This article applies these questions to the healthcare professions with a view to providing a fair scaling of the implementation of pay-for-performance policies by public decision-makers. We assemble a panel of 528 independent general practitioners in the "Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte dâAzur" region in France and provide an inter-personal statistical decomposition between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations with regard to preventive actions. The proportion of intrinsic motivations is relatively greater among physicians paid with fixed fees. The significant effect of age describes a U shape which can be interpreted as being the result of a "life cycle of medical motivations". Finally, econometric estimations demonstrate a correlation between a small proportion of intrinsic motivation and a feeling of injustice with regard to the reforms. The cross-sectional nature of the data does not allow us to draw any conclusions concerning the direction of the causality. But the above correlation would seem to support the theory that the implementation of a policy based on monetary incentives towards performance is perceived as being offensive and may be accompanied by a reduction in intrinsic motivations in medical practice.General practitioners, Motivations, Prevention, Payment for performance, Intrinsic and extrinsic incentives, France
'Time is costly': modelling the macroeconomic impact of scaling-up antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa.
International audienceBACKGROUND: Macroeconomic policy requirements may limit the capacity of national and international policy-makers to allocate sufficient resources for scaling-up access to HIV care and treatment in developing countries. METHOD: An endogenous growth model, which takes into account the evolution of society's human capital, was used to assess the macroeconomic impact of policies aimed at scaling-up access to HIV/AIDS treatment in six African countries (Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast and Zimbabwe). RESULTS: The model results showed that scaling-up access to treatment in the affected population would limit gross domestic product losses due to AIDS although differently from country to country. In our simulated scenarios of access to antiretroviral therapy, only 10.3% of the AIDS shock is counterbalanced in Zimbabwe, against 85.2% in Angola and even 100.0% in Benin (a total recovery). For four out of the six countries (Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast), the macro-economic gains of scaling-up would become potentially superior to its associated costs in 2010. CONCLUSION: Despite the variability of HIV prevalence rates between countries, macro-economic estimates strongly suggest that a massive investment in scaling-up access to HIV treatment may efficiently counteract the detrimental long-term impact of the HIV pandemic on economic growth, to the extent that the AIDS shock has not already driven the economy beyond an irreversible 'no-development epidemiological trap'
Laser induced plasma characterization in direct and water confined regimes: new advances in experimental studies and numerical modelling
Optimization of the laser shock peening (LSP) and LASer Adhesion Test (LASAT) processes requires control of the laser-induced target's loading. Improvements to optical and laser technologies allow plasma characterization to be performed with greater precision than 20 years ago. Consequently, the processes involved during laser-matter interactions can be better understood. For the purposes of this paper, a self-consistent model of plasma pressure versus time is required. The current approach is called the inverse method, since it is adjusted until the simulated free surface velocity (FSV) corresponds to the experimental velocity. Thus, it is not possible to predict the behavior of the target under shock without having done the experiments. For the first time, experimental data collected in different labs with the most up-to-date laser parameters are used to validate a self-consistent model for temporal pressure-profile calculation. In addition, the parameters characterizing the plasma (temperature, thickness and duration) are obtained from the ESTHER numerical code, together with the amount of ablated matter. Finally, analytic fits are presented that can reproduce any pressure-temporal profiles in the following domains of validity: Intensities, I, ranging from 10 to 500 GW cm-2 and pulse durations, T pul, between 5 and 40 ns for the direct-illumination regime at 1053 nm, I ranging from 1 to 6 GW cm-2 and T pul between 10 to 40 ns in the water-confined regime at 1053 nm, and I from 1 to 10 GW cm-2 and T pul between 7 and 20 ns in the water-confined regime at 532 nm. These temporal pressure profiles can then be used to predict the aluminum target's behavior under laser shock using mechanical simulation software
Beam size dependency of a laser-induced plasma in confined regime: Shortening of the plasma release. Influence on pressure and thermal loading
Processes using laser-shock applications, such as Laser Shock Peening or Laser Stripping require a deep understanding of both mechanical and thermal loading applied. We hereby present new experimental measurements of the plasma pressure release regarding its initial dimension, which depends on the laser beam size. Our data were obtained through shock wavesâ velocity analysis and radiometric assessments. A new model to describe the adiabatic release behavior of a laser-induced plasma with a dependency to the beam size is developed. The results and the associated model exhibit that the plasma release duration is shortened with smaller laser spots. As a consequence, with chosen smaller laser spots (0.6 mm to 1 mm), the thermal loading applied during the plasma lifetime will also decrease. These new results shall help for a better understanding of laser-matter interaction for laser-shock applications by giving more accurate plasma profiles. Thus, process simulations can be improved as well. Eventually, by considering recent developments with high-power Diode Pumped Solid-State lasers (DPSS), we now expect to develop a new configuration for LSP which could be applicable both without any thermal coating and deliverable by an optical fiber.This research was funded by Thales company, institutions (CEA,NRS, ENSAM), and by the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche), Forge Laser Project (Grant No.: ANR-18-CE08-0026)
Laser shock peening: toward the tse of pliable polid polymers for confinement
This paper presents the first extensive study of the performances of solid polymers used as confinement materials for laser shock applications such as laser shock peening (LSP) as opposed to the exclusively used water-confined regime up to now. The use of this new confinement approach allows the treatment of metal pieces needing fatigue behavior enhancement but located in areas which are sensitive to water. Accurate pressure determination in the polymer confinement regime was performed by coupling finite element simulation and experimental measurements of rear free-surface velocity using the velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR). Pressure could reach 7.6 and 4.6 GPa for acrylate-based polymer and cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), respectively. At 7 and 4.7 GW/cm2, respectively, detrimental laser breakdown limited pressure for acrylate and PDMS. These results show that the pressures produced were also as high as in water confinement, attaining values allowing the treatment of all types of metals with LSP and laying the groundwork for future determination of the fatigue behavior exhibited by this type of treated materials
Nouvelles donnĂ©es sur lâagglomĂ©ration antique dâ<i>Epomanduodurum</i> (Mandeure et Mathay, Doubs)
International audienceDem antiken Mandeure-Mathay (Epomanduodurum), dem aufgrund seiner GröĂe und seiner bedeutenden Monumentalbauten im Sequanerland der zweite Platz nach dem Civitas-Hauptort Besançon zukommt, ist seit 2001 ein pluridisziplinĂ€res Forschungsprojekt gewidmet. Im AnschluĂ an einen im Jahrgang 2007 dieser Zeitschrift vorgelegten Beitrag berichtet das vorliegende Dossier ĂŒber die Forschungen der Jahre 2005 bis 2011. Parallel zur WeiterfĂŒhrung und Vertiefung der im Bereich der Kult- und Monumentalbauten begonnenen Arbeiten, trieb das Forschungsteam wĂ€hrend dieses zweiten Projektabschnittes verschiedene Studien zur gesamten antiken Stadtanlage und der sie umgebenden Mikroregion voran. Diese Untersuchungen liefern neue Einsichten zur Entstehung, Entwicklung und zum Niedergang von Epomanduodurum und tragen zu einem vertieften VerstĂ€ndnis der Gestalt dieser Stadt und ihrer religiösen, ökonomischen und sozialen Organisation im Zeitraum vom Ende der Eisenzeit bis zum FrĂŒhmittelalter bei.A collective research program is studying since 2001 the ancient agglomeration of Mandeure-Mathay (Epomanduodurum), considered as second one after the chief town Besançon, in the Sequani territory, by its size and its impressive monumental buildings. This article, following a previous paper published in Gallia in 2007, draws up a report of the researches completed between 2005 and 2011. In this second stage, alongside the ongoing in-depth investigations on cult and monumental area, the PCR (Collective Program Research) team intensified its different studies and researches on the ancient agglomeration and its microregional environment. These studies lead to a better understanding of the appearance, development and decline of Epomanduodurum ; a better knowledge of its morphology, and its religious, economic and social organization between the end of the Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages.LâagglomĂ©ration antique de Mandeure-Mathay (Epomanduodurum), considĂ©rĂ©e comme la seconde du pays sĂ©quane par ses dimensions et lâampleur de sa parure monumentale, derriĂšre la capitale de citĂ©, Besançon, fait lâobjet dâun programme collectif de recherche (PCR), pluridisciplinaire, depuis 2001. Le prĂ©sent dossier, qui fait suite Ă un prĂ©cĂ©dent article paru dans Gallia en 2007, dresse un bilan des recherches rĂ©alisĂ©es entre 2005 et 2011. Dans cette seconde Ă©tape, parallĂšlement Ă la poursuite et Ă lâapprofondissement des actions engagĂ©es sur le secteur cultuel et monumental, lâĂ©quipe du PCR a accentuĂ© les Ă©tudes et investigations de diverses natures portant sur lâensemble de lâagglomĂ©ration antique et sur lâespace microrĂ©gional dans lequel celle-ci sâinsĂšre. Ces recherches aboutissent Ă une meilleure comprĂ©hension des modalitĂ©s dâĂ©mergence, de dĂ©veloppement et de dĂ©clin de la ville dâEpomanduodurum, et Ă une connaissance plus approfondie de sa morphologie et de son organisation religieuse, Ă©conomique et sociale, entre la fin de lâĂąge du Fer et le haut Moyen Ăge
Essays on GP's labor supply : from incentives to motivations
Cette thĂšse rĂ©pond Ă un double objectif : analyser thĂ©oriquement, Ă lâaide dâun modĂšle dâarbitrage travail-loisir, la rĂ©action du temps de travail du mĂ©decin aux diffĂ©rents modes de rĂ©munĂ©ration lorsque seul le nombre de consultations et de patients peut faire lâobjet dâun contrat entre le mĂ©decin et sa tutelle ; et observer empiriquement comment le temps de travail des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes français Ă©voluerait suite Ă une revalorisation du tarif de la consultation si lâon tient compte de leurs diffĂ©rents registres de motivations.Dans la premiĂšre partie, nous prĂ©sentons tout dâabord le modĂšle nous servant de base pour analyser lâoffre de travail des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes dans diffĂ©rents contextes (chapitre 1). Ensuite, nous montrons comment celui-ci peut ĂȘtre « enrichi » pour analyser les problĂšmes dâinĂ©galitĂ©s de santĂ©, Ă travers le choix du mĂ©decin en termes de durĂ©e de consultation (chapitre 2). Enfin, nous analysons thĂ©oriquement comment lâoffre de travail des mĂ©decins rĂ©agit Ă un choc de vieillissement de la population, selon le schĂ©ma de paiement en vigueur, paiement Ă lâacte ou capitation (chapitre 3).Dans la seconde partie, nous prĂ©sentons tout dâabord une revue de littĂ©rature retraçant lâĂ©mergence du concept de motivation intrinsĂšque en Ă©conomie de la santĂ© (chapitre 4). Ensuite, nous regardons comment la thĂ©orie standard de lâoffre de travail peut intĂ©grer lâinteraction possible entre les motivations intrinsĂšques et extrinsĂšques (chapitre 5). Enfin,nous cherchons Ă identifier empiriquement lâexistence possible dâun effet contreproductif des incitations Ă©conomiques sur les motivations intrinsĂšques, dans le champ de la promotion de la santĂ© (chapitre 6).This PhD dissertation has a twofold objective: to theoretically analyse, by using a workleisure trade-off model, the sensibility of physicianâs working time to different payment systems when only the number of consultations and patients are contractible; and to empirically observe how French GPâs working time would change if consultation fee increased, in the specific case where different range of human motives are considered.The first part is dedicated to the presentation of the main properties of the basic model we use to study the labour supply behaviour of self-employed GPs in various contexts (chapter 1). Then, we show how this model can be âfittedâ to deal with the issue of health inequalities through physicianâs choice in terms of consultation length (chapter 2). Finally, we theoretically investigate how physiciansâ labour supply reacts to a population ageing shock, according to the effective payment scheme - fee-for service or capitation (chapter 3). The second part presents a survey on the emergence of the concept of intrinsic motivations in health economics aiming at specifying the theoretical background with which the remainder of our work is in line (chapter 4). Next, we explore how standard labour supply theory can integrate intrinsic motivations as a key determinant of human behaviour and, more especially, the effect of extrinsic incentives on the former in the field of general practice (chapter 5). Lastly, we intend to check, from an empirical perspective, if economic incentives can have a detrimental effect on intrinsic motivations in the particular field of health promotion, by using two different strategies (chapter 6)
Ăditorial. LâĂ©valuation des politiques publiques dans un contexte de dĂ©faillances de marchĂ© : applications aux domaines de lâĂ©ducation, de la santĂ©, de lâenvironnement et du territoire
Barnay Thomas, Mihoubi Ferhat, Videau Yann. Ăditorial. LâĂ©valuation des politiques publiques dans un contexte de dĂ©faillances de marchĂ© : applications aux domaines de lâĂ©ducation, de la santĂ©, de lâenvironnement et du territoire. In: Ăconomie & prĂ©vision, n°216, 2019. ConfĂ©rence TEPP 2018. pp. 1-10
Lâeffet combinĂ© de lâexercice en maison de santĂ© pluriprofessionnelle et des paiements Ă la coordination sur lâactivitĂ© des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes
National audienceIn France, the joint evolution of both primary care supplyâwith a GP shortageâand demand have led to an increasing imbalance. The trend towards horizontal and vertical integration in primary care, with the support given to the development of multi-professional primary care groups (MPCGs) or Primary Care Team (PCTs) combine with practice pay-for-coordination mechanism, aims to improve the productive efficiency. Using exact matching and difference-in-differences estimations on panel data (2013â2017 period), we find that practicing in MPCG with pay-for-coordination significantly increases general practitioners (GPs)â number of working days, patients seen and visits. Stratification tests point out that our findings especially hold for female, young and GPs practicing in medically underserved areas. Results are mainly driven by organizational design and not by pay-for-coordination schemes.La rarĂ©faction de lâoffre de soins en mĂ©decine gĂ©nĂ©rale et une demande de soins croissante et Ă©volutive exacerbent les dĂ©sĂ©quilibres prĂ©existants. La promotion de lâintĂ©gration horizontale et verticale sous la forme de maisons de santĂ© pluriprofessionnelles (MSP) et lâintroduction dâune rĂ©munĂ©ration collective Ă la coordination ont vocation Ă gĂ©nĂ©rer des gains dâefficience productive. Nous montrons, Ă partir de donnĂ©es en panel sur la pĂ©riode 2013-2017, dâun appariement exact et dâestimations en diffĂ©rence-de-diffĂ©rences, que lâexercice en MSP couplĂ© au paiement Ă la coordination accroĂźt significativement les nombres de jours travaillĂ©s et de patients rencontrĂ©s par les mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes ainsi que leur nombre de consultations au cabinet. Ces effets sont particuliĂšrement concentrĂ©s sur les mĂ©decins femmes, jeunes et exerçant dans des territoires sous-dotĂ©s mĂ©dicalement. Ils sont principalement liĂ©s au mode dâorganisation et non au paiement Ă la coordination . Classification JEL : C33, I11, J22, L23
Impact de lâexpĂ©rimentation de coopĂ©ration entre mĂ©decin gĂ©nĂ©raliste et infirmiĂšre AsalĂ©e sur lâactivitĂ© des mĂ©decins
International audienceDans de nombreux pays, les politiques et rĂ©formes ont explicitement encouragĂ© lâintĂ©gration des organisations de soins primaires et la coopĂ©ration pluri-professionnelle afin dâamĂ©liorer lâefficience productive et allocative de lâoffre de soins et lutter contre lâinĂ©gale rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique des mĂ©decins. En France, la Direction de la SĂ©curitĂ© sociale et une association dĂ©nommĂ©e AsalĂ©e (« Action de santĂ© libĂ©rale en Ă©quipe », depuis 2004) ont mis en place une expĂ©rimentation destinĂ©e Ă favoriser lâintĂ©gration verticale et le travail en Ă©quipe entre mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes et infirmiĂšres par la mise en place de nouveaux modes de rĂ©munĂ©ration et la formation dâinfirmiĂšres sĂ©lectionnĂ©es. Cet article Ă©value lâextension de cette expĂ©rimentation sur la pĂ©riode 2010-2016 en Ă©tudiant lâinfluence de cette coopĂ©ration, mais aussi de lâorganisation et des incitations financiĂšres Ă lâĆuvre, sur lâactivitĂ© des mĂ©decins gĂ©nĂ©ralistes apprĂ©hendĂ©e Ă partir de trois indicateurs : le nombre de jours travaillĂ©s, de patients rencontrĂ©s (en file active et, parmi eux, ceux inscrits mĂ©decin traitant) et dâactes (consultations au cabinet et visites Ă domicile). Nous contrĂŽlons autant que possible des biais dâendogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© et de sĂ©lection en recourant Ă un design cas-tĂ©moins, selon une mĂ©thode dâappariement exact, et des mĂ©thodes dâestimation en diffĂ©rence de diffĂ©rences sur donnĂ©es de panel. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons un effet positif du dispositif mais relativement modeste sur le nombre de jours travaillĂ©s par les mĂ©decins (+1,2 %) et un effet plus marquĂ© sur le nombre de patients rencontrĂ©s (+7,55 %) et inscrits mĂ©decin traitant (+6,87 %). En revanche, aucun effet significatif nâest mis en Ă©vidence sur le nombre de consultations et visites. Codes JEL : C31, C33, I11, J22, L2