El escritor polaco Jerzy Stefan Stawiński en su versión rusa: reflexiones sobre la importancia del estilo en la traducción

The present article analyzes the peculiarities of literary style and its preservation in translation taking as an example one of the novels of the outstanding Polish writer Jerzy Stefan Stawiński (1921-2010). In this writer, the issue is the study of the domineering stylistic units and of the suitable selection of linguistic equivalent in the translation to Russian from the original Polish bearing in mind some pragmatic aspects. The work also reflects on the possibilities of the Spanish language in transmitting the style of this author.El presente artículo analiza las particularidades del estilo literario y su preservación en la traducción tomando como ejemplo una de las novelas del destacado escritor polaco Jerzy Stefan Stawiński (1921-2010). Se trata del estudio de las dominantes estilísticas y de la adecuada selección de equivalentes lingüísticos en la traducción a la lengua rusa del original polaco teniendo en cuenta algunos aspectos pragmáticos. El trabajo también expone reflexiones sobre las posibilidades de la lengua española a la hora de transmitir el estilo de este autor

19th century London dust-yards: A case study in closed-loop resource efficiency

The material recovery methods used by dust-yards in early 19th century London, England and the conditions that led to their development, success and decline are reported. The overall system developed in response to the market value of constituents of municipal waste, and particularly the high coal ash content of household ‘dust’. The emergence of lucrative markets for ‘soil’ and ‘breeze’ products encouraged dust-contractors to recover effectively 100% of the residual wastes remaining after readily saleable items and materials had been removed by the thriving informal sector. Contracting dust collection to the private sector allowed parishes to keep the streets relatively clean, without the need to develop institutional capacity, and for a period this also generated useful income. The dust-yard system is, therefore, an early example of organised, municipal-wide solid waste management, and also of public–private sector participation. The dust-yard system had been working successfully for more than 50 years before the Public Health Acts of 1848 and 1875, and was thus important in facilitating a relatively smooth transition to an institutionalised, municipally-run solid waste management system in England. The dust-yards can be seen as early precursors of modern materials recycling facilities (MRFs) and mechanical–biological treatment (MBT) plants; however, it must be emphasised that dust-yards operated without any of the environmental and occupational health considerations that are indispensable today. In addition, there are analogies between dust-yards and informal sector recycling systems currently operating in many developing countries

La reforma agraria de 1980 en El Salvador: lucha política, diseño y ejecución.

En este artículo presenta un avance de los resultado del proyecto de investigación que se realiza sobre la reforma agraria de 1980, esta fue organizado en tres partes. La primera cuenta brevemente el proceso de lucha política en el seno del Gobierno y a nivel Nacional, la segunda parte aborda el diseño de la Ley Básica de la Reforma Agraria que fue diseñada por un equipo de políticos técnicos que examinó los documentos del Primer Congreso Nacional de Reforma Agraria de 1970 y la última parte, examina la ejecución en un contexto de guerra civil

Localized energy for wave equations with degenerate trapping

Localized energy estimates have become a fundamental tool when studying wave equations in the presence of asymptotically at background geometry. Trapped rays necessitate a loss when compared to the estimate on Minkowski space. A loss of regularity is a common way to incorporate such. When trapping is sufficiently weak, a logarithmic loss of regularity suffices. Here, by studying a warped product manifold introduced by Christianson and Wunsch, we encounter the first explicit example of a situation where an estimate with an algebraic loss of regularity exists and this loss is sharp. Due to the global-in-time nature of the estimate for the wave equation, the situation is more complicated than for the Schr\"{o}dinger equation. An initial estimate with sub-optimal loss is first obtained, where extra care is required due to the low frequency contributions. An improved estimate is then established using energy functionals that are inspired by WKB analysis. Finally, it is shown that the loss cannot be improved by any power by saturating the estimate with a quasimode.Comment: 18 page

Response to comment on "solid recovered fuel: Materials flow analysis and fuel property development during the mechanical processing of biodried waste"

Laner and Cencic1 comment on Velis et al. (2013)2 clarifying certain points on the use of the material flow analysis (MFA) software STAN3. We welcome the correspondence and the opportunity this exchange provides to discuss optimal approaches to using STAN. In keeping with Velis et al.2 these physically impossible, and otherwise insignificant, negative flows have enabled improvements to STAN. Here, we elaborate on the practicalities of using STAN in our research and on the correctness and validation of our results, notwithstanding the inclusion of negative flows. We explain the contribution of our approach to solid waste management and resource recovery

Gestión, ordenación y protección de las laderas aterrazadas en la Comunidad Valenciana

14 páginas, 6 figuras, 2 tablas.[ES] Dada la configuración del relieve de la Comunidad Valenciana, históricamente, los agricultores han aplicado técnicas culturales que les han permitido aterrazar las laderas donde ubicar los campos de cultivo. En la actualidad, estos bancales dotan a la Comunidad Valenciana de un paisaje singular y muy frágil que necesita de urgente gestión, ordenación y protección. El Reglamento de Paisaje de la Comunidad Valenciana, aprobado en el año 2006, incluye estos espacios entre las áreas a considerar como condicionantes de proyecto, lo que les confiere una cierta protección. Sin embargo, el hecho de que no esté aprobado el Plan de Acción Territorial del Paisaje de la Comunidad Valenciana, ni por ello los mecanismos de financiación que deberán vincularse a este Plan, hace que su preservación, a excepción de algunas ayudas públicas puntuales, recaiga directamente en los agricultores, con bajos ingresos dependientes de estas áreas abancaladas, secanas en su mayoría. La novedad del Reglamento es que estos espacios abancalados podrán ser considerados en el futuro planeamiento territorial gracias a su inclusión en los Estudios de Paisaje, en los Estudios de Integración Paisajística, en los Catálogos de Paisaje y en los Programas de Paisaje.[EN] Given the topography and relief features of the Comunidad Valenciana (Spain), historically, farmers have used techniques that have enabled them to make terraces on the steep slopes in order to plant crops. Currently, these terraces or ‘bancales’ give the Comunidad Valenciana a very special and fragile landscape which urgently needs management, planning, and protection. The Landscape Regulation of 2006 includes these areas as part of those to be considered in assessing projects, which does give them some protection. However, the Spatial Action Plan of the Comunidad Valenciana has not been approved yet, and that therefore neither have the financing mechanisms that should accompany it. This means that the preservation of these areas falls directly upon the farmers, who have low incomes, and depend upon these areas, usually dry-cropping. The new aspect in this Regulation is that these terraced areas can in the future be considered in spatial planning thanks to their inclusion in Landscape Studies, Landscape Integration Studies, Landscape Catalogues, and in the Landscape Programmes.Nuestro agradecimiento a D. Manuel Valdivia Benzal y a Dña. Teresa Velázquez, Jefa de Servicio de Gestión Agraria Sostenible de la Conselleria de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación.Peer reviewe