Influence of Timber Moisture Content on the Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurement of Tectona grandis L.F. and Cupressus lusitanica M from Costa Rica

Ultrasound is a reliable non-destructive method commonly used to evaluate the state of a piece of wood. The effect of the moisture content (MC) on the timber wave velocity, which is different de-pending on the wood species, must be considered. MC adjustment factors are important if accurate and comparable results are to be achieved. Thus, the goal of this study is to define a model that allows obtaining the adjustment factor to predict the standard velocity (12% of MC (V12) from ve-locity obtained at different MC for two Costa Rican commercial species: Tectona grandis L.F (teak) and Cupressus lusitanica M. (cypress). This effect was studied on small clean specimens during the desorption stages, from the fiber saturation point to the oven-dry state, controlling the specimen’s mass and MC on 62 specimens. With this data, the rate of change in ultrasound velocity per MC was modeled. Thus, the applicability of already published moisture adjustment models for conifers and hardwood tropical species was proved. The results showed that the proposed model coefficients adjust better than the ones obtained from the wood science literature, which makes them suitable to describe ultrasound velocity in different moisture conditions (VH).Universidad de Costa Rica/[330-C0-242]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de QuímicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ingeniería::Facultad de Ingeniería::Escuela de Arquitectur

A First Approach to Differences in Continuity of Care Perceived by Immigrants and Natives in the Catalan Public Healthcare System

Objective: To compare immigrants' and natives' perceptions of relational, managerial and informational continuity of care and to explore the influence of the length of stay on immigrants' perceptions of continuity. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on a survey of a random sample of 1,500 patients, of which 22% (331) were immigrants. The study area was made up by three healthcare areas of the Catalan healthcare system. To collect data, the CCAENA questionnaire was applied. Multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. Results: Like natives, immigrants perceive high levels of managerial continuity (88.5%) and relational continuity with primary and secondary care physicians (86.7 and 81.8%), and lower levels of informational continuity (59.1%). There were no statistically significant differences in managerial and informational continuity between immigrants and natives. However, immigrants perceive a worse relational continuity with primary care physicians in terms of trust, communication and clinical responsibility. Conversely, immigrants perceive higher relational continuity with secondary care physicians in terms of effective communication and clinical responsibility. Discussion: Similar managerial and informational continuity perceptions seem to point towards a similar treatment of patients, regardless of their immigrant status. However, differences in relational continuity highlight the need for improvements in professionals' skills in treating immigrants' patients

El WhatsApp como herramienta en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de las humanidades en el nivel superior [The WhatsApp as a tool in the process teaching of humanities in higher education]

El uso de la tecnología incorporada al estudiante apoyado del Smartphone, Tablet y Laptop permiten la movilidad requerida, utilizar recursos habituales con un lenguaje intuitivo y familiar (Rodríguez de la Heras, 2015). Debido a esto se utilizó el WhatsApp como medio de comunicación e interacción, buscando: a) mantener la escucha activa de los estudiantes en clase, b) establecer un canal de comunicación rápido y eficiente con el grupo de trabajo y c) un repositorio de información concreto que permita la portabilidad de los contenidos educativos. Este trabajo de investigación presenta los resultados de la investigación cualitativa realizada en la Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato (UPIIG) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), con alumnos de las carreras de ingeniería biotecnología, farmacéutica e ingeniería en sistemas automotrices. Algunos resultados de la investigación son que la mayoría de los encuestados manifiesta que la atención en clase se incrementó un 23%, la comunicación entre alumno-alumno y docente-alumno, mejoro en un 95% y la utilidad de WhatsApp como repositorio de información para la preparación de exámenes cambio en un 48.1%. De tal manera que se puede concluir que utilizando los dispositivos móviles versus la impartición de la clase tradicional apoyada por el pizarrón y proyector aumento la atención en clase, mejoró la comunicación y generó un repositorio confiable. [The use of technology through Smartphones, Tablets and laptops allow students to harness everyday resources through the use of intuitive and familiar language (Rodriguez de las Heras, 2015). According to this statement, WhatApp was used as a means of communication and interaction, looking: a) to maintain student´s attention during the class, b) to establish an open, fast and efficient communication channel with all the group elements and c) to create an information repository useful and particular with all the educational contents. This research presents the results of the qualitative research conducted in the Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato (UPIIG) of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), with students of the Biotechnology Engineering, Pharmaceutical Engineering and Automotive Systems Degree. Some of the results refer that student’s attention was increase in a 23% after the research. Also, the student-teacher and student-student communication amplified in a 95%. In addition, the use of WhatApp as an information repository during the exams preparation changed in a 48.1%. Overall, it may be said that the use of mobile devices against a traditional classroom environment supported in the blackboard and projector highly increased student’s attention, allow to have better communication and created a reliable repository in the classroom.

Gestión pública del turismo: un enfoque de gobernanza local en la Huasteca potosina (México)

The present descriptive and explanatory research takes political science as a starting point to analyze the disciplinary field of tourism through the lens of public administration and governance. The case study focuses on the Huasteca potosina region, a tourist destination with high visitation rates, where the convergence of different actors has made for complex interactions, resulting in a variety of direct effects on the sites. Therefore, the objective is to identify and describe municipal governance systems that contribute to the tourism management process for the benefit of local development. The study population comprises five municipalities of the twenty that make up the region. The methodology of action research was applied through documenting and doing field research. Semistructured interviews were carried out on the directors of tourism and tourist service providers. The results offer a panorama of collective reflection on this problematic issue and provide opportunities for improvement by both tourism directors and local actors, under the precepts of tourism management and local governance.La presente investigación, de orden descriptivo- explicativo, toma como punto de partida la ciencia política para llevar a cabo el análisis de la administración pública y de la gobernanza en el campo disciplinario del turismo. El caso de estudio se centra en la región Huasteca potosina, destino turístico con altos índices de visitación, donde la confluencia de diversos actores ha hecho compleja la interacción entre ellos mismos, lo que ha causado efectos directos en los sitios. Por este motivo, el objetivo es identificar y describir esquemas de gobernanza municipal que coadyuven al proceso directivo del turismo en beneficio del desarrollo local. Se aplica la metodología de la investigación acción. Los resultados ofrecen un panorama de reflexión colectiva en torno a la problemática y a las oportunidades de mejora que enfrentan tanto los directores de turismo como los actores locales bajo los preceptos de gestión turística y de gobernanza local

Summer truffle in the Iberian Peninsula: current status and crop potential

La trufa de verano (Tuber aestivum, incluyendo Tuber uncinatum) es una especie de un gran valor económico y social, que se produce de modo silvestre en toda Europa, norte de África y parte de Oriente medio. Los esfuerzos de cultivo de esta especie en la península ibérica han permanecido en un segundo plano debido a las condiciones adecuadas de ciertos terrenos para cultivar especies de mayor valor económico, como la trufa negra (Tuber melanosporum). Sin embargo, la trufa de verano es una alternativa viable y muy productiva para zonas de dudosa aptitud para T. melanosporum. En este trabajo, mediante revisión bibliográfica, se ponen de manifiesto los siguientes aspectos: la distribución y ecología de T. aestivum, la situación actual del cultivo, así como las perspectivas de futuro propias de esta especie en la península ibérica. En rasgos generales, se ha constatado su mayor amplitud ecológica y geográfica en relación a la trufa negra y se ha observado que es un cultivo incipiente pero en crecimiento. Sin embargo, se ha deducido que aún es necesario realizar un gran esfuerzo para dar a conocer este producto tanto a cultivadores como a consumidores potenciales en España así como divulgar aspectos técnicos sobre la gestión de su cultivo.Summer truffle (Tuber aestivum, including Tuber uncinatum) is a species of great economic and social value. Wild summer truffles are produced all over Europe, North Africa and part of the Middle East. This species has been underutilized in the Iberian Peninsula due to ability of certain areas to cultivate species of greater economic value, such as the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum). However, the summer truffle is an alternative species for areas where the black truffle is not well adapted. In this paper, the distribution and ecology of T. aestivum, the current situation and the future prospects of this crop in the Iberian Peninsula is reviewed. Summer truffle is a growing crop, well adapted in greater ecological and geographical areas than black truffle. However, it is still necessary to carry out further efforts to publicize it to both growers and consumers in Spain and to spread technical aspects of its managementPublishe

Alternative glacial-interglacial refugia demographic hypotheses tested on Cephalocereus columna-trajani (Cactaceae) in the intertropical Mexican drylands

Historic demography changes of plant species adapted to New World arid environments could be consistent with either the Glacial Refugium Hypothesis (GRH), which posits that populations contracted to refuges during the cold-dry glacial and expanded in warm-humid interglacial periods, or with the Interglacial Refugium Hypothesis (IRH), which suggests that populations contracted during interglacials and expanded in glacial times. These contrasting hypotheses are developed in the present study for the giant columnar cactus Cephalocereus columna-trajani in the intertropical Mexican drylands where the effects of Late Quaternary climatic changes on phylogeography of cacti remain largely unknown. In order to determine if the historic demography and phylogeographic structure of the species are consistent with either hypothesis, sequences of the chloroplast regions psbA-trnH and trnT-trnL from 110 individuals from 10 populations comprising the full distribution range of this species were analysed. Standard estimators of genetic diversity and structure were calculated. The historic demography was analysed using a Bayesian approach and the palaeodistribution was derived from ecological niche modelling to determine if, in the arid environments of south-central Mexico, glacial-interglacial cycles drove the genetic divergence and diversification of this species. Results reveal low but statistically significant population differentiation (FST = 0.124, P < 0.001), although very clear geographic clusters are not formed. Genetic diversity, haplotype network and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) demographic analyses suggest a population expansion estimated to have taken place in the Last Interglacial (123.04 kya, 95% CI 115.3–130.03). The species palaeodistribution is consistent with the ABC analyses and indicates that the potential area of palaedistribution and climatic suitability were larger during the Last Interglacial and Holocene than in the Last Glacial Maximum. Overall, these results suggest that C. columna-trajani experienced an expansion following the warm conditions of interglacials, in accordance with the GRH

Quaternary origin and genetic divergence of the endemic cactus Mammillaria pectinifera in a changing landscape in the Tehuacán Valley, Mexico

The endemic Mexican cactus, Mammillaria pectinifera, shows low dispersal capabilities and isolated populations within the highly dissected landscape of Tehuacan Valley. These characteristics can restrict gene flow and act upon the genetic divergence and speciation in arid plants. We conducted a phylogeographic study to determine if the origin, current distribution, and genetic structure of M. pectinifera were driven by Quaternary geomorphic processes. Sequences of the plastids psbA-trnH and trnT-trnL obtained from 66 individuals from seven populations were used to estimate genetic diversity. Population differentiation was assessed by an analysis of molecular variance. We applied a stepwise phylogenetic calibration test to determine whether species origin and genetic divergence among haplotypes were temporally concordant with recognizable episodes of geomorphic evolution. The combination of plastid markers yielded six haplotypes, with high levels of haplotype diversity (h = 0.622) and low nucleotide diversity (p = 0.00085). The populations were found to be genetically structured (F-ST = 0.682; P < 0.00001), indicating that geographic isolation and limited dispersal were the primary causes of genetic population differentiation. The estimated origin and divergence time among haplotypes were 0.017-2.39 and 0.019-1.237 mya, respectively, which correlates with Pleistocene tectonics and erosion events, supporting a hypothesis of geomorphically-driven geographical isolation. Based on a Bayesian skyline plot, these populations showed long term demographic stability, indicating that persistence in confined habitats has been the main response of this species to landscape changes. We conclude that the origin and haplotype divergence of M. pectinifera were a response to local Quaternary geomorphic evolution

La consulta previa y su influencia en los proyectos de interés nacional estratégico en Colombia

Artículo de investigaciónLa consulta previa es un derecho fundamental que consiste en un mecanismo de participación de las comunidades étnicas e indígenas sobre las medidas administrativas o legislativas que pueden afectar su integridad social, cultural y económica, entre otros. El desarrollo que este mecanismo ha presentado en Colombia, según cifras del Ministerio del Interior (2018) puede calificarse como desmedido. En este sentido, es necesario realizar un análisis acerca del exceso de consultas previas presentadas hoy en día en Colombia. Lo anterior, tiene como finalidad identificar las posibles mejoras que pueden desarrollarse a través de la reglamentación consiente de los procesos de consulta previa, a partir de la identificación real de las afectaciones que puede constituir cada proyecto (PINES). Ponderando el interés general y la necesidad de los proyectos que se encuentran en marcha.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. LA CONSULTA PREVIA COMO DERECHO FUNDAMENTAL 3. FUNDAMENTO CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CONSULTA PREVIA 4. AUTODETERMINACIÓN, CONSENTIMIENTO PREVIO LIBRE E INFORMADO DE LAS COMUNIDADES ÉTNICAS CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS 5. PROYECTOS DE INTERÉS NACIONAL Y ESTRATÉGICOS – PINES 6. LA CONSULTA PREVIA Y LOS PROYECTOS DE INTERÉS NACIONAL Y ESTRATÉGICOS – PINES. 7. LA CONSULTA PREVIA Y LA CONSULTA POPULAR Y SU INFLUENCIA EN EL DESARROLLO DEL PAÍSPregradoAbogad

Cuidados y agencia de la sociedad civil en Cuba. Aprendizajes internacionales, experiencias locales y desafíos éticos

Este libro, iniciativa del Observatorio de Envejecimiento, Cuidados y Derechos (Cuido60), parte del supuesto que, frente a un contexto de crisis estructural, la agencia constituye también la posibilidad, asociada a la toma de conciencia reflexiva, de producir una transformación en un contexto de múltiples constricciones sociales, como es el caso cubano. Los autores se preguntan cómo plantear estrategias sostenibles para cooperar con la sociedad civil y apoyarla en el desarrollo de iniciativas y proyectos locales que aborden los desafíos del envejecimiento demográfico en un entorno de éxodo masivo, carencia crónica de recursos materiales y humanos, aumento de la pobreza y la desigualdad social y criminalización del activismo, incluyendo el social. Este libro es una mirada que recoge algunas experiencias y saberes acumulados en la sociedad civil cubana respecto de los desafíos que surgen en la provisión de servicios de ayuda y asistencia social, en el diseño y puesta en marcha de proyectos sociales independientes; así como las visiones, enfoques y metodologías de intervención social que están empleando. Los autores abordan cómo se está redistribuyendo la responsabilidad de los cuidados, así como las disputas y tensiones que se generan entre los distintos actores nacionales y transnacionales. Este análisis sobre Cuba, se acompaña de lecciones y aprendizajes de experiencias internacionales, tanto de la región, como de los Estados Unidos y Europa

Oral versus intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency in primary care : a pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority clinical trial (OB12)

The trial was financed by Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo Español through their call for independent clinical research, Orden Ministerial SAS/2377, 2010 (EC10-115, EC10-116, EC10-117, EC10-119, EC10-122); CAIBER—Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (CAI08/010044); and Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria de Madrid. This study is also supported by the Spanish Clinical Research Network (SCReN), funded by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación, project number PT13/0002/0007, within the National Research Program I+D+I 2013-2016 and co-funded with European Union ERDF funds (European Regional Development Fund). This project received a grant for the translation and publication of this article from the Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Primary Care (FIIBAP) Call 2017 for grants to promote research programs.Objectives To compare the effectiveness of oral versus intramuscular (IM) vitamin B12 (VB12) in patients aged ≥65 years with VB12 deficiency. Design Pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority, multicentre trial in 22 primary healthcare centres in Madrid (Spain). Participants 283 patients ≥65 years with VB12 deficiency were randomly assigned to oral (n=140) or IM (n=143) treatment arm. Interventions The IM arm received 1 mg VB12 on alternate days in weeks 1–2, 1 mg/week in weeks 3–8 and 1 mg/month in weeks 9–52. The oral arm received 1 mg/day in weeks 1–8 and 1 mg/week in weeks 9–52. Main outcomes Serum VB12 concentration normalisation (≥211 pg/mL) at 8, 26 and 52 weeks. Non-inferiority would be declared if the difference between arms is 10% or less. Secondary outcomes included symptoms, adverse events, adherence to treatment, quality of life, patient preferences and satisfaction. Results The follow-up period (52 weeks) was completed by 229 patients (80.9%). At week 8, the percentage of patients in each arm who achieved normal B12 levels was well above 90%; the differences in this percentage between the oral and IM arm were −0.7% (133 out of 135 vs 129 out of 130; 95% CI: −3.2 to 1.8; p>0.999) by per-protocol (PPT) analysis and 4.8% (133 out of 140 vs 129 out of 143; 95% CI: −1.3 to 10.9; p=0.124) by intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. At week 52, the percentage of patients who achieved normal B12 levels was 73.6% in the oral arm and 80.4% in the IM arm; these differences were −6.3% (103 out of 112 vs 115 out of 117; 95% CI: −11.9 to −0.1; p=0.025) and −6.8% (103 out of 140 vs 115 out of 143; 95% CI: −16.6 to 2.9; p=0.171), respectively. Factors affecting the success rate at week 52 were age, OR=0.95 (95% CI: 0.91 to 0.99) and having reached VB12 levels ≥281 pg/mL at week 8, OR=8.1 (95% CI: 2.4 to 27.3). Under a Bayesian framework, non-inferiority probabilities (Δ>−10%) at week 52 were 0.036 (PPT) and 0.060 (ITT). Quality of life and adverse effects were comparable across groups. 83.4% of patients preferred the oral route. Conclusions Oral administration was no less effective than IM administration at 8 weeks. Although differences were found between administration routes at week 52, the probability that the differences were below the non-inferiority threshold was very low.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe