La larga lucha por la emancipación de las mujeres : Carmen Baroja y Nessi, Zenobia Camprubí Aymar y María Teresa León Goyri

Los escritos autobiográficos de Carmen Baroja, Zenobia Camprubí y María Teresa León nos permiten seguir de cerca el enorme esfuerzo que realizó un importante colectivo de mujeres de la burguesía liberal española de la primera mitad del siglo xx para romper con el dispositivo de feminización, dejar de ser el sexo débil y alcanzar una mayor autonomía personal y profesional. El análisis sociohistórico de las trayectorias de estas tres mujeres muestra que, en cierta medida, pudieron desasirse de los lazos de sujeción atados, y bien atados, por las principales instituciones de socialización establecidas en unas sociedades en las que imperaba un fuerte desequilibro de poder entre las clases y entre los sexos. Esa ruptura fue posible gracias a su capital económico y cultural de origen, a los trabajos que realizaron, a las asociaciones de mujeres de las que formaron parte, a las redes sociales en las que se apoyaron, así como a su resistencia y tenacidad frente a la dominación masculina. Si se exceptúa la época de la Segunda República, ni los gobiernos, ni la gran mayoría de los varones, empezando por los de su entorno más próximo, fueron cómplices en sus proyectos para lograr una mayor emancipación.The autobiographies of Carmen Baroja, Zenobia Camprubí and María Teresa León provide a deep understanding, in the context of the first half of the twentieth century, of the enormous effort made by a significant group of women from the Spanish liberal bourgeoisie to break with the feminization device, and hence with the weaker sex condition, which enabled them to achieve greater personal and professional autonomy. A socio-historical analysis of these women's life trajectories shows that, to some extent, they were able to free themselves from the bonds of subjection in a society where a strong imbalance of power prevailed between classes and sexes. As we argue in this paper, some of the factors which enabled such a transformation were the economic and cultural capital of origin, the professional activities they engaged in, their participation in associations and women collectives, the social networks which supported them, and their resistance and tenacity against male domination. With the exception of the Second Spanish Republic, neither governments nor the vast majority of men from their surroundings joined or were partners in their projects to achieve greater emancipation

Introducción

Este número monográfico de Papers intenta hacer visible la presencia de las mujeres, a lo largo del siglo XX, en la vida social y política de la España contemporánea con el propósito común de determinar cómo se percibieron y se perciben a sí mismas, cómo dicen actuar, y cuál es su protagonismo en la vida social y política. A partir del análisis del sentido que confieren las mujeres a sus vidas, y su incidencia en el cambio social, se proporciona una perspectiva de largo alcance de las líneas de fuerza que configuran problemáticas sociales actuales en las que las relaciones de género y de poder están muy presentes. Para ello nos serviremos predominantemente de documentos biográficos, narraciones autobiográficas e historias de vida de mujeres españolas de diferente posición social. También recurriremos a materiales relevantes ya existentes elaborados sobre todo por sociólogos e historiadores

Entrevista com Hélène Castel, por Fernando Álvarez-Uría e Julia Varela

Interview to Hélène Castel, who at the beginnings of the 80's went to Mexico to flee the French Justice. After 24 years of living a new life under another name, she was detained by the Interpol just a few months before the prescription of the crime. That was the beginning ofa long imprisonment, isolation, transferrs from one center to another, endelss days and nights in the cells, statements in the Courthouse, and in the end the jury trial. From her own experience as a inmate, and as a Gestalt therapist, Hélène Castel decided to work with the inmates for a fair trial and a more democratic justice. The interview was conducted on the occasion of their participation in the Congress of Antipsychiatry and Counterpsychology, organized by the group L-Mental, from the Complutense University of Madrid, from 19-27 February 2014.Entrevista a Hélène Castel, que a comienzos de los años 80 se refugió en México huyendo de la justicia francesa. Tras rehacer su vida con una identidad nueva durante 24 años, fue detenida por la Interpol, que había recibido de Francia una orden de extradición, cuando tan sólo quedaban escasos meses para la prescripción del delito. Comenzaba así para ella el internamiento en las cárceles, el aislamiento, los registros, los traslados, los largos días y noches en las celdas, las declaraciones en el Palacio de justicia, en fin, el juicio con jurado. A partir de su propia experiencia como reclusa, y como terapeuta Gestalt, Hélène Castel ha decidido trabajar con las reclusas y reclusos por un juicio justo y una justicia más democrática. La entrevista fue realizada con ocasión de su participación en las Jornadas de Contrapsicología y Antipsiquatría, organizadas por el colectivo L-Mental de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, los días 19-27 de febrero de 2014.Entrevista com Hélène Castel, que no começo dos anos 80 se refugiou no México fugindo a justiça francesa. Refaz sua vida com uma nova identidade durante 24 anos, e foi detida pela Interpol, que havia recebido da França uma ordem de extradição, quando somente faltavam escassos meses para a prescrição do delito. Começava assim para ela a internação nos cárceres, o isolamento, os registros, as transferências, os longos dias e noites nas selas, as declarações no Palácio da Justiça, en fim, o julgamento com jurado. A partir de sua própria experiência como encarcerada, e como terapeuta Gestalt, Hélène Castel decidiu trabalhar com as detentas e detentos por um justo julgamento e uma justiça mais democrática. A entrevista foi realizada na ocasião da sua participação nas Jornadas de Contrapsicología y Antipsiquatría, organizadas pelo coletivo L-Mental da Universidad Complutense de Madri, nos dias 19-27 de fevereiro de 2014

Introducción

Depto. de Sociología: Metodología y TeoríaFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu

Serum cotinine cut-points for secondhand smoke exposure assessment in children under 5 years: A systemic review

Background Serum cotinine has become the most widely used biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) over time in all ages. The aim of this study was to review the serum cotinine cutpoints used to classify children under 5 years as exposed to SHS. Methods A systematic review performed in the Pubmed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE databases up to April 2021 was conducted using as key words serum cotinine, tobacco smoke pollution (MeSH), secondhand smoke, environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke exposure. Papers which assessed SHS exposure among children younger than 5 years old were included. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed. Analysis was pre-registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021251263). Results 247 articles were identified and 51 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The selected studies were published between 1985-2020. Most of them included adolescents and adults. Only three assessed postnatal exposure exclusively among children under 5 years. None of the selected studies proposed age-specific cut-points for children < 5 years old. Cut-point values to assess SHS exposure ranged from 0.015 to 100 ng/ml. The most commonly used cut-point was 0.05 ng/ml, derived from the assay limit of detection used by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Conclusions No studies have calculated serum cotinine age-specific cut-points to ascertained SHS exposure among children under 5 years old. Children's age-specific cut-points are warranted for health research and public health purposes aimed at accurately estimating the prevalence of SHS exposure and attributable burden of disease to such exposure, and at reinforcing 100% smoke-free policies worldwide, both in homes, private vehicles and public places

Mortality Attributable to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Spain in 2020

Introduction and objectives: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of ETS exposure in Spain on mortality in 2020 in the population aged 35 years and over. Methods: A method of estimating attributable mortality (AM) based on the prevalence of ETS exposure was applied. Prevalence data were obtained from a representative study conducted in Spain and the relative risks were derived from a meta-analysis. AM point estimates are presented along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), calculated using a bootstrap naive procedure. AM, both overall and by smoking habit, was estimated for each combination of sex, age group, and cause of death (lung cancer and ischemic heart disease). A sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: A total of 747 (95% CI 676–825) deaths were attributable to ETS exposure, of which 279 (95% CI 256–306) were caused by lung cancer, and 468 (95% CI 417–523) by ischemic heart disease. Three quarters (75.1%) of AM occurred in men and 60.9% in non-smokers. When chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease are included, the burden of AM is estimated at 2242 deaths. Conclusions: ETS exposure is associated with 1.5% of all deaths from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease in the population aged 35 and over. These data underline the need for health authorities to focus on reducing exposure to ETS in all settings and environmentsInstituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), reference: PI22/00727, co-funded by the European UnionS

The MNT transcription factor autoregulates its expression and supports proliferation in MYC-associated factor X (MAX)-deficient cells

The MAX network transcriptional repressor (MNT) is an MXD family transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family. MNT dimerizes with another transcriptional regulator, MYC-associated factor X (MAX), and down-regulates genes by binding to E-boxes. MAX also dimerizes with MYC, an oncogenic bHLH transcription factor. Upon E-box binding, the MYC-MAX dimer activates gene expression. MNT also binds to the MAX dimerization protein MLX (MLX), and MNT-MLX and MNT-MAX dimers co-exist. However, all MNT functions have been attributed to MNT-MAX dimers, and no functions of the MNT-MLX dimer have been described. MNT's biological role has been linked to its function as a MYC oncogene modulator, but little is known about its regulation. We show here that MNT localizes to the nucleus of MAX-expressing cells and that MNT-MAX dimers bind and repress the MNT promoter, an effect that depends on one of the two E-boxes on this promoter. In MAX-deficient cells, MNT was overexpressed and redistributed to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, MNT was required for cell proliferation even in the absence of MAX. We show that in MAX-deficient cells, MNT binds to MLX, but also forms homodimers. RNA-sequencing experiments revealed that MNT regulates the expression of several genes even in the absence of MAX, with many of these genes being involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Of note, MNT-MNT homodimers regulated the transcription of some genes involved in cell proliferation. The tight regulation of MNT and its functionality even without MAX suggest a major role for MNT in cell proliferation.This work was supported by Grant SAF2017-88026-R from Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spanish Government (to J. L. and M. D. D.), funded in part by FEDER Program from the European Union, National Institutes of Health Grant CA57138/CA from NCI (to R. N. E.), and grants from Shriners Hospitals for Children (to P. J. H.). The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health

Influence of MUC5B gene on antisynthetase syndrome

ABSTRACT: MUC5B rs35705950 (G/T) is strongly associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and also contributes to the risk of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP). Due to this, we evaluated the implication of MUC5B rs35705950 in antisynthetase syndrome (ASSD), a pathology characterised by a high ILD incidence. 160 patients with ASSD (142 with ILD associated with ASSD [ASSD-ILD+]), 232 with ILD unrelated to ASSD (comprising 161 IPF, 27 RA-ILD and 44 CHP) and 534 healthy controls were genotyped. MUC5B rs35705950 frequency did not significantly differ between ASSD-ILD+ patients and healthy controls nor when ASSD patients were stratified according to the presence/absence of anti Jo-1 antibodies or ILD. No significant differences in MUC5B rs35705950 were also observed in ASSD-ILD+ patients with a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern when compared to those with a non-UIP pattern. However, a statistically significant decrease of MUC5B rs35705950 GT, TT and T frequencies in ASSD-ILD+ patients compared to patients with ILD unrelated to ASSD was observed. In summary, our study does not support a role of MUC5B rs35705950 in ASSD. It also indicates that there are genetic differences between ILD associated with and that unrelated to ASSD.We are indebted to the patients and healthy controls for their essential collaboration to this study. We also thank the National DNA Bank Repository (Salamanca) for supplying part of the control samples. This study was partially supported by grants from the Foundation for Research in Rheumatology (FOREUM). RL-M is a recipient of a Miguel Servet type I programme fellowship from the ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (ISCIII), co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF, ‘Investing in your future’) (grant CP16/00033). SR-M is supported by funds of the RETICS Program (RD16/0012/0009), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). VP-C is supported by a pre-doctoral grant from IDIVAL (PREVAL 18/01). VM is supported by funds of a Miguel Servet type I programme (grant CP16/00033) (ISCIII, co-funded by ESF). LL-G is supported by funds of PI18/00042 (ISCIII, co-funded by ERDF). OG is Staff Personnel of Xunta de Galicia (Servizo Galego de Saude, SERGAS) through a research-staff stabilization contract (ISCIII/SERGAS). OG,is member of RETICS Programme, RD16/0012/0014 (RIER: Red de Investigación en Inflamación y Enfermedades Reumáticas) via Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and FEDER. The work of OG (PI17/00409), was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and FEDER. OG is a beneficiary of a project funded by Research Executive Agency of the European Union in the framework of MSCA-RISE Action of the H2020 Programme (Project number 734899). OG is beneficiary of a grant funded by Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional and Consellería de Economía, Emprego e Industria (GAIN), GPC IN607B2019/10