Trabajo Infantil. Fortalezas y debilidades en la trama institucional en el AMBA

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación4 orientada a visibilizar niveles de conocimiento y/o desconocimiento del trabajo infantil y adolescente en instituciones con anclaje territorial, la cual fue desarrollada a partir de una metodología cualitativa en el periodo 2015/16. Partimos de un supuesto referido a que si bien la posición normativa en Argentina es considerada como abolicionista, en dichas instituciones, los agentes presentan un heterogéneo abanico de ideas que se expresan cuando definen este problema, lo que posibilita miradas e intervenciones sociales que no se circunscriben de manera unívoca a las contempladas en la normativa vigente.Consideramos que ello resulta relevante porque en estas instituciones los agentes desarrollan procesos de identificación de problemas, construcción de alertas y despliegan intervenciones orientadas a su atención.Los resultados nos permitieron advertir fortalezas y debilidades presentes en la trama institucional del denominado Sistema de Protección de Derechos de Niños Niñas y Adolescentes, que pueden constituir un aporte a los procesos de elaboración de políticas referidas a la prevención, detección y erradicación del trabajo infantil

Trabajo Infantil : Fortalezas y debilidades en la trama institucional en el AMBA

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación orientada a visibilizar niveles de conocimiento y/o desconocimiento del trabajo infantil y adolescente en instituciones con anclaje territorial, la cual fue desarrollada a partir de una metodología cualitativa en el periodo 2015/16. Partimos de un supuesto referido a que si bien la posición normativa en Argentina es considerada como abolicionista, en dichas instituciones, los agentes presentan un heterogéneo abanico de ideas que se expresan cuando definen este problema, lo que posibilita miradas e intervenciones sociales que no se circunscriben de manera unívoca a las contempladas en la normativa vigente. Consideramos que ello resulta relevante porque en estas instituciones los agentes desarrollan procesos de identificación de problemas, construcción de alertas y despliegan intervenciones orientadas a su atención. Los resultados nos permitieron advertir fortalezas y debilidades presentes en la trama institucional del denominado Sistema de Protección de Derechos de Niños Niñas y Adolescentes, que pueden constituir un aporte a los procesos de elaboración de políticas referidas a la prevención, detección y erradicación del trabajo infantil.In this article we present the results of a research that aims to make visible the levels of knowledge and/or ignorance of child and adolescent’s labour within the institutions with territorial anchorage and was developed from a qualitative methodology between 2015 and 2016. We began with the premise that although the normative position in Argentina is thought to be abolitionist, the agents in these institutions show a heterogeneous and wide range of ideas that are expressed while defining this problem, which allows the social view and the social intervention to not be circumscribed only by the ones considered by the current normative. We consider this relevant because in these institutions the agents develop processes of problems’ identification, generate alerts and deploy interventions that are oriented towards their attention. The results allowed us to notice the present strengths and weaknesses in the institutional framework of the so-called System of Protection of the Children and Adolescents’ Rights, which can be reoriented to the prevention, detection and eradication of child work.Facultad de Trabajo Socia

Trabajo Infantil : Fortalezas y debilidades en la trama institucional en el AMBA

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación orientada a visibilizar niveles de conocimiento y/o desconocimiento del trabajo infantil y adolescente en instituciones con anclaje territorial, la cual fue desarrollada a partir de una metodología cualitativa en el periodo 2015/16. Partimos de un supuesto referido a que si bien la posición normativa en Argentina es considerada como abolicionista, en dichas instituciones, los agentes presentan un heterogéneo abanico de ideas que se expresan cuando definen este problema, lo que posibilita miradas e intervenciones sociales que no se circunscriben de manera unívoca a las contempladas en la normativa vigente. Consideramos que ello resulta relevante porque en estas instituciones los agentes desarrollan procesos de identificación de problemas, construcción de alertas y despliegan intervenciones orientadas a su atención. Los resultados nos permitieron advertir fortalezas y debilidades presentes en la trama institucional del denominado Sistema de Protección de Derechos de Niños Niñas y Adolescentes, que pueden constituir un aporte a los procesos de elaboración de políticas referidas a la prevención, detección y erradicación del trabajo infantil.In this article we present the results of a research that aims to make visible the levels of knowledge and/or ignorance of child and adolescent’s labour within the institutions with territorial anchorage and was developed from a qualitative methodology between 2015 and 2016. We began with the premise that although the normative position in Argentina is thought to be abolitionist, the agents in these institutions show a heterogeneous and wide range of ideas that are expressed while defining this problem, which allows the social view and the social intervention to not be circumscribed only by the ones considered by the current normative. We consider this relevant because in these institutions the agents develop processes of problems’ identification, generate alerts and deploy interventions that are oriented towards their attention. The results allowed us to notice the present strengths and weaknesses in the institutional framework of the so-called System of Protection of the Children and Adolescents’ Rights, which can be reoriented to the prevention, detection and eradication of child work.Facultad de Trabajo Socia

Trabajo Infantil : Fortalezas y debilidades en la trama institucional en el AMBA

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación orientada a visibilizar niveles de conocimiento y/o desconocimiento del trabajo infantil y adolescente en instituciones con anclaje territorial, la cual fue desarrollada a partir de una metodología cualitativa en el periodo 2015/16. Partimos de un supuesto referido a que si bien la posición normativa en Argentina es considerada como abolicionista, en dichas instituciones, los agentes presentan un heterogéneo abanico de ideas que se expresan cuando definen este problema, lo que posibilita miradas e intervenciones sociales que no se circunscriben de manera unívoca a las contempladas en la normativa vigente. Consideramos que ello resulta relevante porque en estas instituciones los agentes desarrollan procesos de identificación de problemas, construcción de alertas y despliegan intervenciones orientadas a su atención. Los resultados nos permitieron advertir fortalezas y debilidades presentes en la trama institucional del denominado Sistema de Protección de Derechos de Niños Niñas y Adolescentes, que pueden constituir un aporte a los procesos de elaboración de políticas referidas a la prevención, detección y erradicación del trabajo infantil.In this article we present the results of a research that aims to make visible the levels of knowledge and/or ignorance of child and adolescent’s labour within the institutions with territorial anchorage and was developed from a qualitative methodology between 2015 and 2016. We began with the premise that although the normative position in Argentina is thought to be abolitionist, the agents in these institutions show a heterogeneous and wide range of ideas that are expressed while defining this problem, which allows the social view and the social intervention to not be circumscribed only by the ones considered by the current normative. We consider this relevant because in these institutions the agents develop processes of problems’ identification, generate alerts and deploy interventions that are oriented towards their attention. The results allowed us to notice the present strengths and weaknesses in the institutional framework of the so-called System of Protection of the Children and Adolescents’ Rights, which can be reoriented to the prevention, detection and eradication of child work.Facultad de Trabajo Socia

Efecto del consumo de harina de maíz fortificada con ácido fólico sobre los niveles de folatos sanguíneos en mujeres de edad fértil

Fortification of foods is now widely used to prevent folate deficiency. Folic acid has been added to corn flour and its efficacy in the prevention of NTD has been proved. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the intake of fortified corn-flour versus non fortified flour and to folic acid supplement, on blood folate levels in women of childbearing age. Forty-five women were randomized into three groups according to: (A) use of fortified flour (n=18), (B) non-fortified flour (n=17); (C) supplementation with 5 mg of oral folic acid (n=10). All females answer a dietary and anthropometric questionnaire applied once a month during three months. Blood red cell (IE) and plasmatic (P) folate were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study; also the DNA analysis for the 677T mutation was performed. The corn flour was provided to groups A and B during three months, to be consumed as eight tortillas daily. Group C received 5.0 mg tablet of folic acid (Valdecasas®), once per week, during three months. IE and P folate and hematocrito were significantly increased in women from group C (p<0.05) ). Only plasmatic folic acid levels were significantly increased in women from groups A and B. Genotype distribution was: 15.6% homozygous TT, 42.2% C/C and 42.2% CT. Weekly administration of 5.0 mg of folic acid is an effective way to increase blood folate levels and shows to be more efficient than fortified corn flour

Violencia de género. Escenarios y quehaceres pendientes

La obra Violencia de género. Escenarios y quehaceres pendientes es producto de la importancia que para la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México representa profundizar en los problemas sociales, como la violencia contra las mujeres, que para ser atendida y pueda disminuir requiere de la investigación multidisciplinaria. Asimismo, del interés que se tiene en vincular el conocimiento científico con el quehacer del sector público y las tareas gubernamentales. El objetivo es que el libro sea de interés para toda aquella población cuya tarea se dirija a atender el maltrato a las mujeres desde las instituciones hasta las organizaciones civiles, y sea de provecho para la comunidad universitaria. Al respecto, el Centro de Investigación en Estudios de Género y Equidad propició el espacio para establecer un debate con especialistas en estudios de género de distintas universidades, que permitió reconocer los avances y quehaceres pendientes relacionados con la eliminación de la violencia de género, así como explicar sus causas y las sugerencias para eliminarla o aminorarla. En este sentido, la obra contribuye a cumplir con uno de los objetivos de esta Casa de Estudios: difundir la perspectiva de igualdad de género, en relación con el respeto de los Derechos Humanos de las mujeres y de los hombres. Cabe reconocer la colaboración de los cuerpos académicos que conforman la Red de Fortalecimiento de la Equidad de Género de la uaem, así como la participación de las investigadoras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica.El presente volumen Violencia de género: escenarios y quehaceres pendientes, es un texto que integra el resultado de una serie de investigaciones, que diversas/os especialistas nacionales y extranjeras/os que desde varias disciplinas y espacios han obtenido acerca de la dinámica y/o prevención de la violencia de género. El libro inicia con un capítulo intitulado: “Estudiantes universitarios y violencia en el salón de clase”, debido a que las sociólogas Alma Rosa Sánchez Olvera y Raquel Güereca Torres, se dieron a la tarea de indagar situaciones violentas en las aulas de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Acatlán (unam) y de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco. A través de la aplicación de una encuesta y varias entrevistas grupales realizadas entre algunos núcleos del estudiantado universitario, las investigadoras identificaron los tipos de violencia que las y los estudiantes dicen vivir en el salón de clase, particularmente las referidas en la relación docente alumna/o. Asimismo, las autoras encontraron interesantes diferencias en los rasgos identitarios de las y los estudiantes de esas instituciones. También en el trabajo se discute qué es la violencia escolar y cómo se manifiestan las relaciones de poder en el salón de clase. De acuerdo con las investigadoras, dentro de los hallazgos más importantes destacan las asimetrías en el espacio escolar, expresadas en una desigualdad intergenérica e intragénerica, lo cual indica que la violencia de género es también padecida y ejercida por los hombres, y no sólo incide sobre las mujeres. De igual manera, la investigación aporta testimonios acerca del abuso que algunas mujeres (investidas de cierto poder o autoridad) ejercen contra sus congéneres o hacia los varones. El estudio también consideró las formas sutiles de la violencia, como la presión psicológica, la discriminación social, la imposición cultural, variantes de la violencia simbólica, abanico de posibilidades que intenta explicar las relaciones de dominio maestra/o-alumna/o, personal administrativo-alumnas/os, así como entre alumnas/os en el nivel académico. También, interesada en el tema de la violencia sexual en ambientes escolares, Fannella Giusti Minotre presenta el trabajo: “Percepciones del hostigamiento sexual en la academia: la experiencia de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica”, donde la autora expone un resumen de los principales hallazgos obtenidos en el Diagnóstico de percepciones del hostigamiento sexual en autoridades de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, investigación que se desarrolló durante 2011. El estudio se inscribió en el marco del proyecto “Implementación y Ejecución de la Política Institucional contra el Hostigamiento Sexual en la una”, y respondió a la necesidad de diagnosticar los mecanismos institucionales que legitiman y perpetúan el ejercicio de prácticas de hostigamiento sexual en la universidad nacional del país centroamericano. Del mismo modo, este diagnóstico permitió identificar la necesidad de continuar con esta línea de investigación en el espacio universitario referido, ya que es indispensable profundizar y sistematizar las formas, manifestaciones, prevalencia, causas, actores involucrados en el hostigamiento sexual, para su eventual erradicación

Effects of intubation timing in patients with COVID-19 throughout the four waves of the pandemic: a matched analysis

Background: The primary aim of our study was to investigate the association between intubation timing and hospital mortality in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated respiratory failure. We also analysed both the impact of such timing throughout the first four pandemic waves and the influence of prior noninvasive respiratory support on outcomes. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre, observational and prospective cohort study that included all consecutive patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 from across 58 Spanish intensive care units (ICUs) participating in the CIBERESUCICOVID project. The study period was between 29 February 2020 and 31 August 2021. Early intubation was defined as that occurring within the first 24 h of ICU admission. Propensity score matching was used to achieve a balance across baseline variables between the early intubation cohort and those patients who were intubated after the first 24 h of ICU admission. Differences in outcomes between early and delayed intubation were also assessed. We performed sensitivity analyses to consider a different time-point (48 h from ICU admission) for early and delayed intubation. Results: Of the 2725 patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation, a total of 614 matched patients were included in the analysis (307 for each group). In the unmatched population, there were no differences in mortality between the early and delayed groups. After propensity score matching, patients with delayed intubation presented higher hospital mortality (27.3% versus 37.1%; p=0.01), ICU mortality (25.7% versus 36.1%; p=0.007) and 90-day mortality (30.9% versus 40.2%; p=0.02) compared with the early intubation group. Very similar findings were observed when we used a 48-h time-point for early or delayed intubation. The use of early intubation decreased after the first wave of the pandemic (72%, 49%, 46% and 45% in the first, second, third and fourth waves, respectively; first versus second, third and fourth waves p<0.001). In both the main and sensitivity analyses, hospital mortality was lower in patients receiving high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) (n=294) who were intubated earlier. The subgroup of patients undergoing noninvasive ventilation (n=214) before intubation showed higher mortality when delayed intubation was set as that occurring after 48 h from ICU admission, but not when after 24 h. Conclusions: In patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, delayed intubation was associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality. The use of early intubation significantly decreased throughout the course of the pandemic. Benefits of such an approach occurred more notably in patients who had received HFNC

Prognostic implications of comorbidity patterns in critically ill COVID-19 patients: A multicenter, observational study

Background The clinical heterogeneity of COVID-19 suggests the existence of different phenotypes with prognostic implications. We aimed to analyze comorbidity patterns in critically ill COVID-19 patients and assess their impact on in-hospital outcomes, response to treatment and sequelae. Methods Multicenter prospective/retrospective observational study in intensive care units of 55 Spanish hospitals. 5866 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients had comorbidities recorded at hospital admission; clinical and biological parameters, in-hospital procedures and complications throughout the stay; and, clinical complications, persistent symptoms and sequelae at 3 and 6 months. Findings Latent class analysis identified 3 phenotypes using training and test subcohorts: low-morbidity (n=3385; 58%), younger and with few comorbidities; high-morbidity (n=2074; 35%), with high comorbid burden; and renal-morbidity (n=407; 7%), with chronic kidney disease (CKD), high comorbidity burden and the worst oxygenation profile. Renal-morbidity and high-morbidity had more in-hospital complications and higher mortality risk than low-morbidity (adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.57 (1.34-1.84) and 1.16 (1.05-1.28), respectively). Corticosteroids, but not tocilizumab, were associated with lower mortality risk (HR (95% CI) 0.76 (0.63-0.93)), especially in renal-morbidity and high-morbidity. Renal-morbidity and high-morbidity showed the worst lung function throughout the follow-up, with renal-morbidity having the highest risk of infectious complications (6%), emergency visits (29%) or hospital readmissions (14%) at 6 months (p<0.01). Interpretation Comorbidity-based phenotypes were identified and associated with different expression of in-hospital complications, mortality, treatment response, and sequelae, with CKD playing a major role. This could help clinicians in day-to-day decision making including the management of post-discharge COVID-19 sequelae. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Effects of intubation timing in patients with COVID-19 throughout the four waves of the pandemic : a matched analysis

The primary aim of our study was to investigate the association between intubation timing and hospital mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure. We also analysed both the impact of such timing throughout the first four pandemic waves and the influence of prior non-invasive respiratory support on outcomes. This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre, observational and prospective cohort study that included all consecutive patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 from across 58 Spanish intensive care units (ICU) participating in the CIBERESUCICOVID project. The study period was between 29 February 2020 and 31 August 2021. Early intubation was defined as that occurring within the first 24 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Propensity score (PS) matching was used to achieve balance across baseline variables between the early intubation cohort and those patients who were intubated after the first 24 h of ICU admission. Differences in outcomes between early and delayed intubation were also assessed. We performed sensitivity analyses to consider a different timepoint (48 h from ICU admission) for early and delayed intubation. Of the 2725 patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation, a total of 614 matched patients were included in the analysis (307 for each group). In the unmatched population, there were no differences in mortality between the early and delayed groups. After PS matching, patients with delayed intubation presented higher hospital mortality (27.3% versus 37.1%, p =0.01), ICU mortality (25.7% versus 36.1%, p=0.007) and 90-day mortality (30.9% versus 40.2%, p=0.02) when compared to the early intubation group. Very similar findings were observed when we used a 48-hour timepoint for early or delayed intubation. The use of early intubation decreased after the first wave of the pandemic (72%, 49%, 46% and 45% in the first, second, third and fourth wave, respectively; first versus second, third and fourth waves p<0.001). In both the main and sensitivity analyses, hospital mortality was lower in patients receiving high-flow nasal cannula (n=294) who were intubated earlier. The subgroup of patients undergoing NIV (n=214) before intubation showed higher mortality when delayed intubation was set as that occurring after 48 h from ICU admission, but not when after 24 h. In patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, delayed intubation was associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality. The use of early intubation significantly decreased throughout the course of the pandemic. Benefits of such an approach occurred more notably in patients who had received high-flow nasal cannul

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020

[EN] Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3,4,5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.S