The balance between fumarate and malate plays an important role in plant development and postharvest quality in tomato fruit

Organic acids, produced as intermediates of the tricarboxylic cycle, play a crucial role in the plant primary metabolism and are considered as being ones of the most important quality traits in edible fruits. Even if they are key metabolites in a multitude of cellular functions, little is known about their physiological relevance and regulation. Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing constitutively a bacterial maleate isomerase, which converts reversibly maleate to fumarate, were generated in order to improve our knowledge about the role of organic acids in the crop and fruit metabolism. Growth and reproduction were affected by the unbalance of tricarboxylic cycle intermediates, as a dwarf phenotype and a flowering delay were observed in the transgenic plants. In addition, a delay in chlorophyll synthesis, a decrease in the numbers of stomata and significant changes in some photosynthetic parameters indicated alterations in central primary metabolism. Postharvest was also impaired, as transgenic fruits showed increased water lost and deterioration, indicating a possible role of the organic acids in cell wall metabolism. Finally, preliminary metabolomics analysis pointed out important changes during fruit ripening in flavor-related metabolites, such as acids and sugars, revealing the importance of organic acids in fruit metabolism. Taken together, these data indicate a pivotal role of tricarboxylic cycle intermediates, such as malate or fumarate, as regulatory metabolites. Besides their role in quality fruit characteristics, they are involved in a multitude of functions including growth and photosynthesis.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Persistencia de las familias y sus modos de vida, en el departamento de Pilcaniyeu, Provincia de Rio Negro

Las familias de la región sur de Río Negro representan una situación particular en el uso de los recursos naturales, su cultura, sus relaciones económicas, políticas y sociales; que son, recursos particulares y generales de otros grupos humanos de la Patagonia. Las familias presentan una diversidad de estrategias productivas y de pervivencia con una racionalidad que les es propia. Para poder comprender acabadamente estas relaciones, se hace necesario analizar de una manera holística la producción y reproducción de estas familias. Con ello se pretende visualizar el grado de sustentabilidad de los sistemas familiares desde esta marco teórico pluriepistemológico y multidimensional (ecológico, social, económico, cultural y político) desde una mirada histórica y actual, con el fin de poder aportar los elementos para la transformación social. De esta manera podemos plantearnos algunos de los grandes interrogantes que movilizaran este estudio, entre otros que pueden surgir a partir del mismo, a saber: ¿Son ellos quienes verdaderamente hacen un uso racional o por el contrario, manejan inadecuadamente los recursos naturales? o ¿son ellos los principales guardianes de estos recursos necesarios para su vida y la de sus descendientes?, ¿son mono productores laneros los integrantes de estas familias? o ¿son unidades que presentan multi y pluriactividades que les dan sustento a las mismas y a sus territorios?, ¿son ineficientes desde el punto de vista de su fuerza de trabajo? o ¿son altamente eficientes en relación al uso de ambientes marginales de semidesierto como son los de la Patagonia en general y los del oeste de la región sur en particular?, ¿la migración está dejando ¿vacío¿ el territorio? o ¿el territorio estaba ¿vacío¿ desde antes de la ¿conquista del desierto¿? o ¿esta migración responde a una carga humana en relación a las posibilidades de sostenerla por parte de estos ambientes de semidesierto?, ¿son situaciones de ¿emergencia¿ las relacionadas a los eventos naturales? (temporales de nieve, inundaciones, sequias, erupciones volcánicas, ataques de pumas y zorros, etc.) o ¿son propias de este tipo de ambientes?, ¿las familias mantienen o adaptan practicas o conocimientos de pervivencia?, ¿cuáles son?, ¿son sostenibles

Is a member of udp- glycosyltransferase regulating ellagitannins metabolism in strawberry?

Fresh strawberries are a popular and important component of the human diet. The demand for highquality fruits is increasing globally, challenging breeders to develop modern strawberry cultivarsthat fulfill all desired characteristics. Fruit flavor and nutritional characteristics are key quality traitsand ones of the main factors influencing consumer preference. Shikimate and phenylpropanoidpathways produce many chemical compounds, like phenolic compounds, polyphenols and tannins,thatarehighlyvaluable in human nutrition offering antioxidant protection and contribute to the prevention of some diseases. Among them, the hydrolysable tannins, like ellagitanins and ellagic acid, have an effect on health in some human diseases such as breast and prostate cancers or neurodegenerative diseases (Basu et al., 2014). In a previous study, Pott et al., (2020) found 110 stable QTL for secondary metabolism by studying the F1 population derived from the crossing of ‘232’ and ‘1392’ (Zorrilla Fontanesi et al., 2011). Among these QTLs, we highlighted one that was responsible for 50-70% of the variation of ellagic acid hexose. A RNAseq with contrasting lines in ellagic acid hexose content was performed to reveal 11 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a false discovery ratio under 0.05. Candidate genes were functionally annotated using MapMan software. One gene raised as a candidate gene, annotated as UDP-glycosyltransferase suggesting to participate in the glycosylation of ellagic acid. In addition, we found that the gene expression of this candidate was negatively correlated with proanthocyanidin and flavan-3-ols content, providing an evidence of possible metabolic flux redirection through the synthesis of ellagitannins. However, further experiments are needed to confirm the role of this gene in the synthesis of ellagitannins.This work was supported by grants RTI 2018-099797-B-100 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) and UMA18-FEDERJA-179 (FEDER-Junta Andalucía). In addition, we acknowledge partial funding by PY20_00408 (PAIDI 2020-Junta de Andalucía). JGV acknowledges the EMERGIA Programme (EMERGIA20_00309-Junta de Andalucía). J.M. thanks to Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PRE2019-091188). Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Candidate gene for branched-chain amino acid content in strawberry

Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a berry crop widely appreciated worldwide due to its nutritional and organoleptic properties. However, the main breeding targets in these crops have been the control of flowering (for fruit yield), runnering (for vegetative propagation) and the trade-off between the two. For this reason, nowadays, breeders are mainly focused on recovering fruit quality attributes in order to gain consumers acceptance. Those characteristics are determined by the metabolic composition of the fruit, thus the modulation of its metabolism can help to reach this aim. Regarding aroma, esters are the main responsible of this trait in strawberry fruit. Some of them are derived from the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine). Although the synthesis of these amino acids has been well stablished in strawberry fruit, its degradation remains unclear. Using a F1 F. × ananassa mapping population we identified a stable QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) for these amino acids. Based on its differential gene expression in contrasting lines for these metabolites and its annotation, we identified an amino acid transporter as a candidate gene for the regulation of branched-chain amino acid content in strawberry. To elucidate the involvement of this gene in branched-chain amino acid metabolism, we have done functional analysis based on transient overexpression lines on Nicotiana benthamiana showing changes in amino acids content. Moreover, the subcellular localization of the candidate gene in N. benthamiana suggested its location in the plasmatic reticulum. Currently, we are performing further experiments in order to elucidate the role of this gene on strawberry volatile metabolism.This work was supported by grants RTI 2018-099797-B-100 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) and UMA18-FEDERJA-179 (FEDER-Junta Andalucía). In addition, we acknowledge partial funding by PY20_00408 (PAIDI 2020-Junta de Andalucía). The attendance to this meeting was supported by Plan Propio de Investigación, Transferencia y Divulgación Científica de la Universidad de Málaga. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Tipicidad de Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. carmenere problemática asociada a sus aromas y sabores vegetales

121 p.Vitis vinífera (L.) cultivar Carmenere se encontraba virtualmente extinto tras el ataque de la filoxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae) en los países productores de uvas para vinificación del viejo mundo. Redescubierta en Chile en la década de los 90, plantea la oportunidad de convertirse en el cultivar emblemático de la industria vitivinícola chilena. Sin embargo, los vinos producidos con bayas de este cultivar han generado críticas importantes, asociándose con problemas organolépticos de impalatabilidad y su asociación recurrente con “notas verdes”. El aumento de la calidad de los vinos pasa, necesariamente, por el aumento en la calidad de las bayas en la planta. En este ámbito, los análisis genéticos y metabólicos se plantean como alternativas en la búsqueda de respuesta a las preguntas asociadas a la problemática de tipicidad de este cultivar. En este trabajo se evalúan posibles diferencias metabólicas en vinos elaborados con bayas que se desarrollaron bajo distintos manejos vitícolas, sin embargo no se identificaron compuestos que hayan sido asociados a problemas de impalatibilidad o detrimento de la calidad. Análisis metabólicos dirigidos sobre el principal problema asociado a aromas herbáceos, reportan diferencias en las concentraciones de isobutilmetoxipirazina, lo que puede estar relacionado con las diferencias en los perfiles de expresión de Vitis vinífera O-metiltransferasa 1 y 2 (VvOMT1 y VvOMT2), genes asociados a la biosíntesis de metoxipirazinas en vides para vinificación. Análisis bioinformáticos revelan la principal diferencia de funcionalidad observada en las proteínas VvOMT1 y VvOMT2, a través de un impedimento estérico que limitaría la formación del estado de transición en las enzimas codificadas con estos genes. De esta manera, este hallazgo podría explicar la disminución de la eficiencia catalítica observada por VvOMT2./ABSTRACT: Vitis vinífera (L.), cultivar Carmenere was virtually extinct after the grape phylloxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae) attack and rediscovered in Chile during the 90’s. This cultivar raises the chance to be the emblematic grapevine of Chilean wine industry. However, Carmenere wines have generated significant criticism associated with unappealing problems, such as “green flavors”. Thus, genetic and metabolic analyses are proposed as alternatives to look for answers related with the Carmenere quality. Metabolic differences in wines from different treatments are reported, but no differences in compounds associated with organoleptic problems in Carmenere wines were found. Target metabolic analysis against isobutylmethoxypyrazine (IBMP) reports differences in wines made with grapes from plants under different treatments. These differences may be related to different expression profiles of Vitis vinifera O-methyltransferase 1 and 2 (VvOMT1 and VvOMT2) genes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the main functional difference observed between VvOMT1 and VvOMT2 proteins through steric impediment, which limits the formation of the transition state in enzymes encoded by VvOMT2. Therefore, this finding could explain the decrease catalytic efficiency observed for VvOMT2

QTLs mapping for primary metabolites responsible of the organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is the berry fruit most consumed worldwide and is well-known for its delicate flavour and nutritional properties. However, fruit quality attributes have been lost or reduced after years of traditional breeding focusing mainly on agronomical traits. To face the obstacles encountered in the improvement of cultivated crops, new technological tools, such as genomics and high throughput metabolomics, are becoming essential for the identification of genetic factors responsible of organoleptic and nutritive traits. Integration of “omics” data will allow a better understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the accumulation of metabolites involved in the flavour and nutritional value of the fruit. To identify genetic components affecting/controlling? fruit metabolic composition, here we present a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using a 95 F1 segregating population derived from genotypes ‘1392’, selected for its superior flavour, and ‘232’ selected based in high yield (Zorrilla-Fontanesi et al., 2011; Zorrilla-Fontanesi et al., 2012). Metabolite profiling was performed on red stage strawberry fruits using gas chromatography hyphenated to time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which is a rapid and highly sensitive approach, allowing a good coverage of the central pathways of primary metabolism. Around 50 primary metabolites, including sugars, sugars derivatives, amino and organic acids, were detected and quantified after analysis in each individual of the population. QTL mapping was performed on the ‘232’ x ‘1392’ population separately over two successive years, based on the integrated linkage map (Sánchez-Sevilla et al., 2015). First, significant associations between metabolite content and molecular markers were identified by the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis. Then, interval mapping (IM), as well as the multiple QTL method (MQM) allowed the identification of QTLs in octoploid strawberry. A permutation test established LOD thresholds for each metabolite and year. A total of 132 QTLs were detected in all the linkage groups over the two years for 42 metabolites out of 50. Among them, 4 (9.8%) QTLs for sugars, 9 (25%) for acids and 7 (12.7%) for amino acids were stable and detected in the two successive years. We are now studying the QTLs regions in order to find candidate genes to explain differences in metabolite content in the different individuals of the population, and we expect to identify associations between genes and metabolites which will help us to understand their role in quality traits of strawberry fruit.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. The work was supported by the MINECO (grant AGL2012-40066-C02-02 ; Spain). SO aknowledges the support by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ramón and Cajal contract, RYC2011-09170). DP has received a predoctoral grant from MINECO (grant BES-2013-062856). JJM and IA has been supported by the grant AGL2012-40066-C02-01). The authors also aknowlegde the support by the University de Málaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Andalucía

Deciphering the dynamics of metabolic pathways influencing by controlled atmosphere during post-harvest physiology of cultivated strawberry fruit

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit is highly appreciated due to its delicate aroma, flavor and nutritional value. However, fruits are highly perishable and deteriorate quickly at ambient temperature. Controlled atmosphere storage is commonly used to prevent fruit decay; however it affects fruit quality causing physiological disorders. In the present work, High-throughput metabolomics technologies allow the quantitation of (relative) metabolite levels and allow determine the metabolic dynamics associated with postharvest in different controlled atmosphere storage. Five varieties of strawberry fruits (F. ananassa cvs. Camarosa, Candonga, Amiga, Santa Clara, and Fortuna) with different aroma, taste, and postharvest behavior were stored at 4ºC in two different atmosphere compositions, i) 10% CO2 and ii) 0.35 ppm O3 at 0, 3, 6, and 10 days after harvesting and compared to fruits stored at 4ºC. Novel methods for analyzing the resulting multiple data tables revealed preserved dynamics of metabolic processes across species. We identify key metabolites, which prime the fruit to cope with different decay situations, which likely greatly accelerate the design and the improvement of plant breeding programs.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (Ramón and Cajal contract). Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, through the Grants AGL2012-40066-CO2-02)

Propuesta de valoración física de construcciones en avalúos inmobiliarios, implicación del factor proyecto en México

El factor proyecto, complementó el valor otorgado a una vivienda analizada en avalúos inmobiliarios. En este trabajo se presentó el diseño de metodología de análisis funcional de las habitaciones que integran cada vivienda, en combinación con el enfoque de depreciación física de Ross -Heidecke. Se realizó la medición de planos arquitectónicos de muestras de viviendas en México de todas las categorías socioeconómicas y se establecieron tres tipos de matrices para su valoración y parámetros porcentuales. Se analizó el tipo principal de construcción bajo el esquema de análisis por partidas de edificación y el resto de los tipos se examinó de manera unitaria. Los resultados porcentuales del análisis del muestreo, fueron direccionados a matrices del enfoque físico y en conjunto; con el factor de calificación del estado de conservación de cada partida de edificación, con el cálculo de un factor proyecto apropiado a cada clase de vivienda. El análisis automatizado, que calificó el valor de las construcciones con base en la funcionalidad de cada proyecto arquitectónico, complementó el estudio de la depreciación física. Los porcentajes resultantes de la muestra, calcularon cuanto mide cada habitación en la lógica de una simulación, que de acuerdo a la superficie total de edificación y al número específico de habitaciones, calificó la funcionalidad a superficies unitarias. Se hizo énfasis de que, el análisis de funcionalidad incluye la calificación de instalaciones e infraestructura. El resultado del factor de funcionalidad del proyecto arquitectónico, estuvo sujeto a los parámetros y requerimientos de códigos de edificación de viviendas en México

Cytochrome c Deficiency Differentially Affects the In Vivo Mitochondrial Electron Partitioning and Primary Metabolism Depending on the Photoperiod

Plant respiration provides metabolic flexibility under changing environmental conditions by modulating the activity of the nonphosphorylating alternative pathways from the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which bypass the main energy-producing components of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP). While adjustments in leaf primary metabolism induced by changes in day length are well studied, possible differences in the in vivo contribution of the COP and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) between different photoperiods remain unknown. In our study, in vivo electron partitioning between AOP and COP and expression analysis of respiratory components, photosynthesis, and the levels of primary metabolites were studied in leaves of wild-type (WT) plants and cytochrome c (CYTc) mutants, with reduced levels of COP components, under shortand long-day photoperiods. Our results clearly show that differences in AOP and COP in vivo activities between WT and cytc mutants depend on the photoperiod likely due to energy and stress signaling constraints. Parallel responses observed between in vivo respiratory activities, TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, and stress signaling metabolites indicate the coordination of different pathways of primary metabolism to support growth adaptation under different photoperiods.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relationship between resilience, optimism, and burnout in Pan-American athletes

Aim: A series of knowledge has been developed on burnout syndrome in the sports context that has allowed to generate a solid theoretical structure that requires new contributions to delve into those aspects that have been less addressed, as is the case of optimism and resilience when it comes to linking them to the syndrome in top-performance athletes. For this purpose, the Burnout Inventory for Athletes (IBD-r), the Resilience Scale adapted to Spanish, and the Life Orientation Scale-Revised (LOT-R) for optimism were used. Methods: From this perspective, the study was approached with 121 Uruguayan athletes who participated in the last Pan-American Games, assuming practically all the subjects who have this level of sport (142) considering gender and type of sport. Results: The results indicate that 67% of the sample presents burnout symptoms for the emotional exhaustion dimension, and moderate resilience and optimism. Although there are no significant differences attributable to gender or type of sport, this contribution allows us to continue focusing on future work and further analysis. The type of sport presented statistically significant differences in relation to the personal competence dimension and the type of sport. Conclusion: Resilience and optimism obtained a clear influence on the occurrence of burnout, in a statistically negative sense, showing themselves as interesting prevention strategies for future lines of research, where it is essential to design interventions that teach emotional skills to manage adversity and prevent burnout. Copyrigh