5 research outputs found

    Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe : Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild

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    Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that-just like in non-urban areas-plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

    DĂ©terminants de l'herbivorie des insectes chez le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Quercus robur) de l'Ă©chelle de l'arbre Ă  l'Ă©chelle biogĂ©ographique

    No full text
    Insect herbivory is an important ecological process that affects plant populations, communities and ecosystems. The distribution and abundance of insect herbivores and their resulting activity are shaped by a multitude of drivers, intrinsic or extrinsic to the host plant, that act at different spatial scales and often in concert. A widely used classification distinguishes between bottom-up forces where herbivore activity is influenced by the distribution and dynamics of the resource stock (including the defenses), and top-down forces where herbivore activity is constrained by drivers of mortality (e.g. predators, pests). Both bottom-up and top-down forces are involved in the trophic cascades that inevitably accompany plant-herbivore interactions in natural plant populations, yet their relative importance can vary greatly depending on the particular study context, and the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood.I investigated the ecological drivers shaping the relationships between Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and its insect herbivores across different spatial scales. In particular, I examined the effects of the ecological neighbourhood, the landscape context, tree genetic relatedness and climate on herbivore activity. A major aim of my thesis was to evaluate the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forces in shaping oak-herbivore relationships.The thesis is structured in three main chapters corresponding to independent manuscripts that are either published (chapter 1), under review (chapter 2) or under preparation (chapter 3) at the moment of submitting the thesis document. In chapter 1 I investigated the relationship between herbivory and the community and activity of insectivorous birds in oak stands that differed in size and connectivity. I found that herbivory, bird predation and bird communities were influenced by landscape characteristics, but neither predation on herbivores nor bird communities had a significant effect on herbivory. In chapter 2 I investigated the relationship between oak genotype, leaf defences and herbivory in the same stands. I found that insect herbivory and leaf defences were not only influenced by landscape characteristics but also by the genotype of the tree, and that insect herbivory decreased with increasing concentration of leaf defences. Finally, in chapter 3 I investigated the effect of large-scale climate variability on the interactions between plants, herbivory and bird predation in oak trees along a latitudinal gradient. I found that climatic factors influenced insect herbivory as well as leaf nutritional traits, while they did not influence leaf defences and bird predation. Furthermore, insect herbivory was only influenced by bottom-up forces (e.g. leaf nutritional traits and leaf defences) and these effects on herbivory varied among herbivore feeding guilds, while neither other traits nor top-down forces affected insect herbivory.Overall, these results help improve our understanding of the different ecological forces shaping insect herbivory and their bottom-up and top-down drivers in natural tree populations. Future studies of plants-herbivores-predator interactions should take into account that these are simultaneously influenced by host plant genotype, landscape characteristics and climate. Finally, the thesis also illustrates the value of citizen science approaches that can combine scientific research with much-needed environmental education.L'herbivorie par les insectes est un processus Ă©cologique important qui affecte la dynamique des populations de plantes, les communautĂ©s et les Ă©cosystĂšmes. La distribution et l'abondance des insectes herbivores et l'activitĂ© qui en rĂ©sulte sont façonnĂ©es par une multitude de facteurs, intrinsĂšques ou extrinsĂšques Ă  la plante hĂŽte, qui agissent Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales et souvent de concert. Une classification largement utilisĂ©e fait la distinction entre les forces ascendantes, telles que l'activitĂ© des herbivores est influencĂ©e par la distribution et la qualitĂ© des ressources (incluant les dĂ©fenses), et les forces descendantes, telles que l'activitĂ© des herbivores est limitĂ©e par le contrĂŽle exercĂ© par les ennemis des herbivores (prĂ©dateurs, parasitoĂŻdes). Les forces ascendantes et descendantes sont toutes deux impliquĂ©es dans les cascades trophiques qui accompagnent inĂ©vitablement les interactions plantes-herbivores dans les populations naturelles de plantes, mais leur importance relative peut varier considĂ©rablement selon le contexte particulier local, et les mĂ©canismes biologiques sous-jacents restent mal compris.J'ai Ă©tudiĂ© les facteurs Ă©cologiques qui façonnent les relations entre le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Quercus robur) et ses insectes herbivores Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales. En particulier, j'ai examinĂ© les effets du contexte du paysage, de l’apparentement entre les arbres et du climat sur l'activitĂ© des herbivores. Un des principaux objectifs de ma thĂšse Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer l'importance relative des forces ascendantes et descendantes dans la structuration des relations chĂȘne-herbivores.La thĂšse est structurĂ©e en trois chapitres principaux correspondant Ă  des manuscrits indĂ©pendants qui publiĂ©s (chapitre 1), en cours de rĂ©vision (chapitre 2), ou en prĂ©paration (chapitre 3) au moment de la soumission du document de thĂšse. Dans le chapitre 1, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© la relation entre l'herbivorie et la communautĂ© et l'activitĂ© des oiseaux insectivores dans les chĂȘnaies qui diffĂšrent en taille et en connectivitĂ©. J'ai constatĂ© que l'herbivorie, la prĂ©dation des oiseaux et les communautĂ©s d'oiseaux Ă©taient influencĂ©es par les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage, mais que ni la prĂ©dation sur les herbivores ni les communautĂ©s d'oiseaux n'avaient d'effet significatif sur l'herbivorie. Dans le chapitre 2, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© la relation entre le gĂ©notype du chĂȘne, les dĂ©fenses chimiques des feuilles et l'herbivorie dans les mĂȘmes peuplements. J'ai constatĂ© que l'herbivorie des insectes et les dĂ©fenses chimiques Ă©taient non seulement influencĂ©es par les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage, mais aussi par le gĂ©notype de l'arbre, et que l'herbivorie des insectes diminuait avec la concentration des dĂ©fenses foliaires. Enfin, au chapitre 3, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© l'effet de la variabilitĂ© climatique Ă  grande Ă©chelle sur les interactions entre les plantes, l'herbivorie et la prĂ©dation des oiseaux dans les chĂȘnes selon un gradient latitudinal. J'ai dĂ©couvert que les facteurs climatiques influençaient l'herbivorie des insectes ainsi que les caractĂ©ristiques nutritionnelles des feuilles, alors qu'ils n'influençaient pas les dĂ©fenses foliaires et la prĂ©dation des oiseaux. De plus, l'herbivorie des insectes n'Ă©tait influencĂ©e que par des forces ascendantes dont l’importance variait selon les guildes d’insectes.Dans l'ensemble, ces rĂ©sultats aident Ă  amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension des diffĂ©rentes forces Ă©cologiques qui façonnent l'herbivorie par les insectes et de leur variabilitĂ© dans les populations naturelles d'arbres. Les Ă©tudes futures sur les interactions plantes-herbivores-prĂ©dateurs devraient tenir compte du fait que celles-ci sont influencĂ©es simultanĂ©ment par le gĂ©notype de la plante hĂŽte, les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage et le climat. Enfin, la thĂšse illustre Ă©galement la valeur des approches de science citoyenne qui peuvent combiner la recherche scientifique avec une Ă©ducation scientifique et Ă  l’environnement bien nĂ©cessaires

    Drivers of insect herbivory in Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) from tree to biogeographical scale

    No full text
    L'herbivorie par les insectes est un processus Ă©cologique important qui affecte la dynamique des populations de plantes, les communautĂ©s et les Ă©cosystĂšmes. La distribution et l'abondance des insectes herbivores et l'activitĂ© qui en rĂ©sulte sont façonnĂ©es par une multitude de facteurs, intrinsĂšques ou extrinsĂšques Ă  la plante hĂŽte, qui agissent Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales et souvent de concert. Une classification largement utilisĂ©e fait la distinction entre les forces ascendantes, telles que l'activitĂ© des herbivores est influencĂ©e par la distribution et la qualitĂ© des ressources (incluant les dĂ©fenses), et les forces descendantes, telles que l'activitĂ© des herbivores est limitĂ©e par le contrĂŽle exercĂ© par les ennemis des herbivores (prĂ©dateurs, parasitoĂŻdes). Les forces ascendantes et descendantes sont toutes deux impliquĂ©es dans les cascades trophiques qui accompagnent inĂ©vitablement les interactions plantes-herbivores dans les populations naturelles de plantes, mais leur importance relative peut varier considĂ©rablement selon le contexte particulier local, et les mĂ©canismes biologiques sous-jacents restent mal compris.J'ai Ă©tudiĂ© les facteurs Ă©cologiques qui façonnent les relations entre le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Quercus robur) et ses insectes herbivores Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales. En particulier, j'ai examinĂ© les effets du contexte du paysage, de l’apparentement entre les arbres et du climat sur l'activitĂ© des herbivores. Un des principaux objectifs de ma thĂšse Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer l'importance relative des forces ascendantes et descendantes dans la structuration des relations chĂȘne-herbivores.La thĂšse est structurĂ©e en trois chapitres principaux correspondant Ă  des manuscrits indĂ©pendants qui publiĂ©s (chapitre 1), en cours de rĂ©vision (chapitre 2), ou en prĂ©paration (chapitre 3) au moment de la soumission du document de thĂšse. Dans le chapitre 1, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© la relation entre l'herbivorie et la communautĂ© et l'activitĂ© des oiseaux insectivores dans les chĂȘnaies qui diffĂšrent en taille et en connectivitĂ©. J'ai constatĂ© que l'herbivorie, la prĂ©dation des oiseaux et les communautĂ©s d'oiseaux Ă©taient influencĂ©es par les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage, mais que ni la prĂ©dation sur les herbivores ni les communautĂ©s d'oiseaux n'avaient d'effet significatif sur l'herbivorie. Dans le chapitre 2, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© la relation entre le gĂ©notype du chĂȘne, les dĂ©fenses chimiques des feuilles et l'herbivorie dans les mĂȘmes peuplements. J'ai constatĂ© que l'herbivorie des insectes et les dĂ©fenses chimiques Ă©taient non seulement influencĂ©es par les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage, mais aussi par le gĂ©notype de l'arbre, et que l'herbivorie des insectes diminuait avec la concentration des dĂ©fenses foliaires. Enfin, au chapitre 3, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© l'effet de la variabilitĂ© climatique Ă  grande Ă©chelle sur les interactions entre les plantes, l'herbivorie et la prĂ©dation des oiseaux dans les chĂȘnes selon un gradient latitudinal. J'ai dĂ©couvert que les facteurs climatiques influençaient l'herbivorie des insectes ainsi que les caractĂ©ristiques nutritionnelles des feuilles, alors qu'ils n'influençaient pas les dĂ©fenses foliaires et la prĂ©dation des oiseaux. De plus, l'herbivorie des insectes n'Ă©tait influencĂ©e que par des forces ascendantes dont l’importance variait selon les guildes d’insectes.Dans l'ensemble, ces rĂ©sultats aident Ă  amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension des diffĂ©rentes forces Ă©cologiques qui façonnent l'herbivorie par les insectes et de leur variabilitĂ© dans les populations naturelles d'arbres. Les Ă©tudes futures sur les interactions plantes-herbivores-prĂ©dateurs devraient tenir compte du fait que celles-ci sont influencĂ©es simultanĂ©ment par le gĂ©notype de la plante hĂŽte, les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage et le climat. Enfin, la thĂšse illustre Ă©galement la valeur des approches de science citoyenne qui peuvent combiner la recherche scientifique avec une Ă©ducation scientifique et Ă  l’environnement bien nĂ©cessaires.Insect herbivory is an important ecological process that affects plant populations, communities and ecosystems. The distribution and abundance of insect herbivores and their resulting activity are shaped by a multitude of drivers, intrinsic or extrinsic to the host plant, that act at different spatial scales and often in concert. A widely used classification distinguishes between bottom-up forces where herbivore activity is influenced by the distribution and dynamics of the resource stock (including the defenses), and top-down forces where herbivore activity is constrained by drivers of mortality (e.g. predators, pests). Both bottom-up and top-down forces are involved in the trophic cascades that inevitably accompany plant-herbivore interactions in natural plant populations, yet their relative importance can vary greatly depending on the particular study context, and the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood.I investigated the ecological drivers shaping the relationships between Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and its insect herbivores across different spatial scales. In particular, I examined the effects of the ecological neighbourhood, the landscape context, tree genetic relatedness and climate on herbivore activity. A major aim of my thesis was to evaluate the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forces in shaping oak-herbivore relationships.The thesis is structured in three main chapters corresponding to independent manuscripts that are either published (chapter 1), under review (chapter 2) or under preparation (chapter 3) at the moment of submitting the thesis document. In chapter 1 I investigated the relationship between herbivory and the community and activity of insectivorous birds in oak stands that differed in size and connectivity. I found that herbivory, bird predation and bird communities were influenced by landscape characteristics, but neither predation on herbivores nor bird communities had a significant effect on herbivory. In chapter 2 I investigated the relationship between oak genotype, leaf defences and herbivory in the same stands. I found that insect herbivory and leaf defences were not only influenced by landscape characteristics but also by the genotype of the tree, and that insect herbivory decreased with increasing concentration of leaf defences. Finally, in chapter 3 I investigated the effect of large-scale climate variability on the interactions between plants, herbivory and bird predation in oak trees along a latitudinal gradient. I found that climatic factors influenced insect herbivory as well as leaf nutritional traits, while they did not influence leaf defences and bird predation. Furthermore, insect herbivory was only influenced by bottom-up forces (e.g. leaf nutritional traits and leaf defences) and these effects on herbivory varied among herbivore feeding guilds, while neither other traits nor top-down forces affected insect herbivory.Overall, these results help improve our understanding of the different ecological forces shaping insect herbivory and their bottom-up and top-down drivers in natural tree populations. Future studies of plants-herbivores-predator interactions should take into account that these are simultaneously influenced by host plant genotype, landscape characteristics and climate. Finally, the thesis also illustrates the value of citizen science approaches that can combine scientific research with much-needed environmental education

    Drivers of insect herbivory in Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) from tree to biogeographical scale

    No full text
    L'herbivorie par les insectes est un processus Ă©cologique important qui affecte la dynamique des populations de plantes, les communautĂ©s et les Ă©cosystĂšmes. La distribution et l'abondance des insectes herbivores et l'activitĂ© qui en rĂ©sulte sont façonnĂ©es par une multitude de facteurs, intrinsĂšques ou extrinsĂšques Ă  la plante hĂŽte, qui agissent Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales et souvent de concert. Une classification largement utilisĂ©e fait la distinction entre les forces ascendantes, telles que l'activitĂ© des herbivores est influencĂ©e par la distribution et la qualitĂ© des ressources (incluant les dĂ©fenses), et les forces descendantes, telles que l'activitĂ© des herbivores est limitĂ©e par le contrĂŽle exercĂ© par les ennemis des herbivores (prĂ©dateurs, parasitoĂŻdes). Les forces ascendantes et descendantes sont toutes deux impliquĂ©es dans les cascades trophiques qui accompagnent inĂ©vitablement les interactions plantes-herbivores dans les populations naturelles de plantes, mais leur importance relative peut varier considĂ©rablement selon le contexte particulier local, et les mĂ©canismes biologiques sous-jacents restent mal compris.J'ai Ă©tudiĂ© les facteurs Ă©cologiques qui façonnent les relations entre le chĂȘne pĂ©donculĂ© (Quercus robur) et ses insectes herbivores Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales. En particulier, j'ai examinĂ© les effets du contexte du paysage, de l’apparentement entre les arbres et du climat sur l'activitĂ© des herbivores. Un des principaux objectifs de ma thĂšse Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer l'importance relative des forces ascendantes et descendantes dans la structuration des relations chĂȘne-herbivores.La thĂšse est structurĂ©e en trois chapitres principaux correspondant Ă  des manuscrits indĂ©pendants qui publiĂ©s (chapitre 1), en cours de rĂ©vision (chapitre 2), ou en prĂ©paration (chapitre 3) au moment de la soumission du document de thĂšse. Dans le chapitre 1, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© la relation entre l'herbivorie et la communautĂ© et l'activitĂ© des oiseaux insectivores dans les chĂȘnaies qui diffĂšrent en taille et en connectivitĂ©. J'ai constatĂ© que l'herbivorie, la prĂ©dation des oiseaux et les communautĂ©s d'oiseaux Ă©taient influencĂ©es par les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage, mais que ni la prĂ©dation sur les herbivores ni les communautĂ©s d'oiseaux n'avaient d'effet significatif sur l'herbivorie. Dans le chapitre 2, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© la relation entre le gĂ©notype du chĂȘne, les dĂ©fenses chimiques des feuilles et l'herbivorie dans les mĂȘmes peuplements. J'ai constatĂ© que l'herbivorie des insectes et les dĂ©fenses chimiques Ă©taient non seulement influencĂ©es par les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage, mais aussi par le gĂ©notype de l'arbre, et que l'herbivorie des insectes diminuait avec la concentration des dĂ©fenses foliaires. Enfin, au chapitre 3, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© l'effet de la variabilitĂ© climatique Ă  grande Ă©chelle sur les interactions entre les plantes, l'herbivorie et la prĂ©dation des oiseaux dans les chĂȘnes selon un gradient latitudinal. J'ai dĂ©couvert que les facteurs climatiques influençaient l'herbivorie des insectes ainsi que les caractĂ©ristiques nutritionnelles des feuilles, alors qu'ils n'influençaient pas les dĂ©fenses foliaires et la prĂ©dation des oiseaux. De plus, l'herbivorie des insectes n'Ă©tait influencĂ©e que par des forces ascendantes dont l’importance variait selon les guildes d’insectes.Dans l'ensemble, ces rĂ©sultats aident Ă  amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension des diffĂ©rentes forces Ă©cologiques qui façonnent l'herbivorie par les insectes et de leur variabilitĂ© dans les populations naturelles d'arbres. Les Ă©tudes futures sur les interactions plantes-herbivores-prĂ©dateurs devraient tenir compte du fait que celles-ci sont influencĂ©es simultanĂ©ment par le gĂ©notype de la plante hĂŽte, les caractĂ©ristiques du paysage et le climat. Enfin, la thĂšse illustre Ă©galement la valeur des approches de science citoyenne qui peuvent combiner la recherche scientifique avec une Ă©ducation scientifique et Ă  l’environnement bien nĂ©cessaires.Insect herbivory is an important ecological process that affects plant populations, communities and ecosystems. The distribution and abundance of insect herbivores and their resulting activity are shaped by a multitude of drivers, intrinsic or extrinsic to the host plant, that act at different spatial scales and often in concert. A widely used classification distinguishes between bottom-up forces where herbivore activity is influenced by the distribution and dynamics of the resource stock (including the defenses), and top-down forces where herbivore activity is constrained by drivers of mortality (e.g. predators, pests). Both bottom-up and top-down forces are involved in the trophic cascades that inevitably accompany plant-herbivore interactions in natural plant populations, yet their relative importance can vary greatly depending on the particular study context, and the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood.I investigated the ecological drivers shaping the relationships between Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and its insect herbivores across different spatial scales. In particular, I examined the effects of the ecological neighbourhood, the landscape context, tree genetic relatedness and climate on herbivore activity. A major aim of my thesis was to evaluate the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forces in shaping oak-herbivore relationships.The thesis is structured in three main chapters corresponding to independent manuscripts that are either published (chapter 1), under review (chapter 2) or under preparation (chapter 3) at the moment of submitting the thesis document. In chapter 1 I investigated the relationship between herbivory and the community and activity of insectivorous birds in oak stands that differed in size and connectivity. I found that herbivory, bird predation and bird communities were influenced by landscape characteristics, but neither predation on herbivores nor bird communities had a significant effect on herbivory. In chapter 2 I investigated the relationship between oak genotype, leaf defences and herbivory in the same stands. I found that insect herbivory and leaf defences were not only influenced by landscape characteristics but also by the genotype of the tree, and that insect herbivory decreased with increasing concentration of leaf defences. Finally, in chapter 3 I investigated the effect of large-scale climate variability on the interactions between plants, herbivory and bird predation in oak trees along a latitudinal gradient. I found that climatic factors influenced insect herbivory as well as leaf nutritional traits, while they did not influence leaf defences and bird predation. Furthermore, insect herbivory was only influenced by bottom-up forces (e.g. leaf nutritional traits and leaf defences) and these effects on herbivory varied among herbivore feeding guilds, while neither other traits nor top-down forces affected insect herbivory.Overall, these results help improve our understanding of the different ecological forces shaping insect herbivory and their bottom-up and top-down drivers in natural tree populations. Future studies of plants-herbivores-predator interactions should take into account that these are simultaneously influenced by host plant genotype, landscape characteristics and climate. Finally, the thesis also illustrates the value of citizen science approaches that can combine scientific research with much-needed environmental education

    Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild

    No full text
    Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that-just like in non-urban areas-plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.ISSN:2045-775
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