Influencia de la carga frutal en la dispersión de Cydia pomonella (L.) en un huerto de manzano de la Región del Maule

33 p.La polilla de la manzana (Cydia pomonella) es la plaga más importante del cultivo de las pomáceas a nivel mundial. Su control efectivo en huertos comerciales es afectado por la inmigración de polillas adultas desde otros huertos sin manejo. Por lo tanto conocer su dispersión es de gran importancia para el adecuado control de esta plaga. Con el propósito de evaluar si la carga frutal afecta la dispersión por vuelo de los adultos de la polilla de la manzana, se realizó un experimento de remoción de fruta en comparación con otro sector que mantuvo la presencia de fruta en un huerto de manzano. La dispersión de los adultos fue estimada mediante la técnica de inmunomarcaje con proteínas (leche y huevo), las cuales fueron usadas para marcar cada sector con y sin fruta. Luego se capturaron los adultos en trampas pasivas (sin atrayentes) para establecer si se produjo la dispersión entre sectores del huerto. No se encontró diferencias en la frecuencia de individuos marcados provenientes de los sectores con y sin fruta en los individuos capturados en trampas pasivas. Nuestros resultados muestran que la polilla de la manzana no se dispersó significativamente desde sectores sin fruta hacia los sectores con fruta o viceversa. Por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren que las hembras no se dispersaron entre sectores del huerto en busca de sitios de ovipostura, así como tampoco los machos en busca de las hembras para la cópula./ABSTRACT: The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is the most important pest of pome fruits. Its effective control in commercial orchards is affected by the immigration of adult moths from other unmanaged orchards. Therefore knowing their dispersion is of great importance for the adequate control of this pest. In order to assess whether the fruit load affects the dispersion by flight of the adults of the codling moth, a fruit removal experiment was carried out in comparison with other sector that maintained the presence of fruit in an apple orchard. The dispersal of adults was estimated using the technique of immunomarking with proteins (milk and eggs), which were used to mark each plot with and without fruit. Adults were then captured in passive traps (without attractants) to establish whether there was dispersion between plots in the orchard. No differences in the frequency of marked individuals caught from plots with and without fruit in passive traps plots located in the without fruit was found. Our results show that the codling moth is not significantly dispersed from no fruit sectors towards sectors with fruit or vice versa. Therefore, the results suggest that females are not dispersed between plots of the orchard in search of oviposition sites, as well as males looking for females for copulation

Applications of non-intrusive methods to study the sand cat: a field study in the Sahara Desert

Surveys based on indirect signs and camera trapping are two non-invasive methods extensively used for monitoring elusive mammals. Both approaches can be useful to obtain key information on wildlife in remote areas, since they may allow for the logistically viable design of optimal field frameworks. The sand cat (Felis margarita) is a feline that inhabits the Sahara Desert, the Arabian Peninsula, and western Asian deserts. Its basic ecology is poorly known and the status and impacts of threats are difficult to assess. Some local population declines have been detected, and more research is needed. Based on field surveys carried out in the Atlantic Sahara, we have evaluated the applications of both methods to study this species. Our results show that (a) camera trapping provided reliable data on several key aspects of its ecology, (b) walking surveys to collect feces for molecular data failed completely, and (c) for footprints, identification problems and the marked effects of the absence of optimal substrates and the prevalence of wind are relevant handicaps. Beyond this evaluation, we provide for the first time some key aspects of the ecology of sand cats in the Sahara Desert, including habitat selection, density, diel activity, and predator–prey relationships.Funding for open access publishing: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. This study was partially supported by Fundación Barcelona Zoo (PRIC Project 2017 grant)

Lo glocal y el turismo. Nuevos paradigmas de interpretación.

El estudio del turismo se realiza desde múltiples escalas y enfoques, este libro aborda muchos temas que es necesario discutir desde diversas perspectivas; es el caso de la reflexión sobre la propia disciplina y sus conceptos, así como los asuntos específicos referidos al impacto territorial, los tipos de turismo, las cuestiones ambientales, el tema de la pobreza, la competitividad, las políticas públicas, el papel de las universidades, las áreas naturales protegidas, la sustentabilidad, la cultura, el desarrollo, la seguridad, todos temas centrales documentados y expuestos con originalidad y dominio del asunto. Lo multiescalar es básico para la comprensión del sistema turístico, sistema formado de procesos globales, regionales y locales. El eje de discusión del libro es lo glocal, esa interacción entre lo nacional y local con lo global

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Service-Learning in Microbiology and Public Health: teaching how to prevent infectious diseases to disadvantaged people

El Aprendizaje Servicio (ApS) es una metodología docente que combina procesos de aprendizaje de contenidos específicos y adquisición de competencias propias de la titulación por parte de los alumnos con el servicio a la comunidad, aprendiendo también a trabajar en las necesidades reales de su entorno con la finalidad de mejorarlo. La Comisión de Sostenibilidad de la Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Españolas (CRUE), consciente de la función de la Universidad como generadora y transmisora de conocimiento, junto con la dimensión social de servicio público, recogía en 2015 la recomendación de institucionalización de los proyectos de Aprendizaje-Servicio como estrategia docente dentro del marco de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria para la promoción de la sostenibilidad en la Universidad. El proyecto de ApS que se describe cubre los dos ejes fundamentales de este tipo de metodología docente: (i) aprendizaje por los alumnos de contenidos curriculares de asignaturas de Microbiología Clínica (estudio de agentes patógenos causantes de enfermedades infecciosas, mecanismos de transmisión y su forma de prevención), así como adquisición de competencias profesionales y transversales de las asignaturas y Grados (relacionadas con el trabajo en equipo, análisis crítico, comunicación coordinación) y (ii) servicio a colectivo desfavorecido (formación en Salud Pública) a grupos de personas desfavorecidas o en riesgo de exclusión social. Se pretendía también dar mayor uso a los materiales docentes generados en un Proyecto de Innovación, en concreto una colección de 50 películas sobre enfermedades infecciosas depositadas en la Biblioteca de la Facultad de Biología. La propuesta consiste en: acompañamiento, actividad lúdica y formación en prevención de enfermedades infecciosas, mediante la proyección de películas, seguido de coloquio, con énfasis en la explicación de los mecanismos de transmisión de patógenos y su forma de prevención. Los alumnos participantes se comprometen y hacen responsables de la coordinación y desarrollo de las actividades. En el proyecto hemos participado un amplio grupo multidisciplinar formado por tres profesoras Microbiología clínica y de Bioquímica, una alumna de doctorado de Microbiología y una colaboradora postdoctoral de Antropología Física, de las Facultades de Biología y de Farmacia, 20 alumnos de los Grados en Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia de la UCM y de Ingeniería Biomédica de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, cuatro Fundaciones, con unos 10 coordinadores/voluntarios y más de 100 personas atendidas en seis centros distintos. La valoración final del proyecto es muy satisfactoria desde el punto de vista docente y de aprendizaje de los alumnos, como de la implicación social y de cooperación en justicia social.Service Learning (S-L) is a teaching methodology that combines learning processes of specific content and acquisition of competences of the degree by the students with the service to the community, also learning to work on the real needs of their environment with the purpose of improving it. The Spanish Universities highlight the social dimension of public service together with the generation and transmission of knowledge and recommend of institutionalization of projects of Service-Learning as a teaching strategy for the promotion of sustainability in the University. The ApS project described covers the two fundamental axes of this type of teaching methodology: (i) learning by students of curricular contents of subjects of Clinical Microbiology of the degrees (study of pathogens causing infectious diseases), mechanisms of transmission and its form of prevention), as well as acquisition of professional and transversal competences (i.e. teamwork, critical analysis, communication, coordination) and (ii) service to disadvantaged group (training in Public Health together with recreational activity and support to groups of disadvantaged people or at risk of social exclusion. It was also intended to make greater use of the teaching materials generated in a previous Innovation Project, i.e. a collection of 50 films on infectious diseases deposited in the Library of the Faculty of Biology. The proposal consists of: accompaniment, recreational activity and training in Public Health using fiction films in which an infectious disease appears and followed by a discussion, with an emphasis on explanation of the mechanisms of transmission of pathogens and their prevention. A multidisciplinary group participated in the project, including three teachers of Clinical Microbiology and Biochemistry, a PhD student of Microbiology and a postdoctoral collaborator of Physical Anthropology, from the Faculties of Biology and Pharmacy, together with 20 students of the Degrees in Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy of the UCM and Biomedical Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Madrid, four Foundations, with about 10 coordinators / volunteers, and more than 100 people in five different centers. The final evaluation of the project is very satisfactory from the point of view of teaching and learning of the students, as well as social involvement and cooperation in social justice.Fac. de Ciencias BiológicasFALSEsubmitte

Service-Learning, Movies, and Infectious Diseases: Implementation of an Active Educational Program in Microbiology as a Tool for Engagement in Social Justice

Service-Learning is an educational methodology that allows student learning while addressing community needs. A program in microbiology and infectious diseases was implemented in Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. University lecturers, clinical microbiologists, doctorate students, and undergraduates from several Bachelor Degrees and courses worked in an interdisciplinary team along with social institutions that attend disadvantaged persons. Using commercial movies that deal with infectious diseases, the students learn clinical microbiology, prepare divulgation materials, visit social centers to accompany, and help others to know about illnesses and prevention. The program was developed through two academic years and involved 58 voluntary students, 13 teachers and tutors, and 4 social entities as community partners. Postsurvey evaluation of the program revealed a highly satisfactory achievement of goals: acquiring scientific and personal competencies by university students, including critical analysis and science diffusion, solving problems or collaborative team working, and contributing, together with the tutors, to the social responsibility of the university