¿Son las redes sociales virtuales un espacio de ciudadanía?

El presente artículo, da cuenta de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación denominado: “El sentido de lo común, de las redes sociales a las redes virtuales en educación”. El objetivo de este proyecto es comprender qué tipo de ciudadanía se configura a partir de las relaciones que adolescentes entre los 12 y los 18 años mantienen en las redes sociales virtuales (Online Social Networks, OLSN). De esta problemática, surgen dos líneas teóricas que fundamentan este propósito. En primer lugar, el concepto de ciudadanía, comprendido como un espacio social de convivencia y político de pertenencia. En segundo lugar, la gran presencia y despliegue del mundo virtual en la vida de los sujetos, como otro espacio de relaciones que podría articular formas distintas de construcción de lo político y la ciudadanía. El enfoque metodológico ha integrado distintas técnicas cualitativas: entrevistas etnográficas, grupos focales y análisis de contenido en las redes virtuales (social networks). Este artículo sólo da cuenta de los resultados centrados en las entrevistas etnográficas semiestructuradas y en los grupos focales. Los resultados analíticos de los discursos han generado dos grandes categorías que se vinculan con: 1. La ausencia de ciudadanía como territorio de lo común en las redes sociales virtuales y 2. La diferencia como exclusión y la anulación del conflicto: lo político versus la política

“Me pareció ver un lindo gatito” : Introducción al estudio de la programación en el nivel medio con Scratch1.4

Este trabajo consiste en una secuencia didáctica elaborada para alumnos que cursan el primer año del ciclo básico de la Educación Secundaria, con la finalidad de que los mismos puedan comenzar a construir el sentido de la programación mediante la aplicación “Scratch1.4”. El objetivo de esta secuencia es permitir al alumno la construcción de significados de las herramientas básicas de la programación, desarrollando a la vez habilidades tales como el razonamiento lógico que está implícito en la tarea de programar. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo proponemos una serie de situaciones que las abordaremos en tres fases.Eje: Educación en TecnologíaRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

“Me pareció ver un lindo gatito” : Introducción al estudio de la programación en el nivel medio con Scratch1.4

Este trabajo consiste en una secuencia didáctica elaborada para alumnos que cursan el primer año del ciclo básico de la Educación Secundaria, con la finalidad de que los mismos puedan comenzar a construir el sentido de la programación mediante la aplicación “Scratch1.4”. El objetivo de esta secuencia es permitir al alumno la construcción de significados de las herramientas básicas de la programación, desarrollando a la vez habilidades tales como el razonamiento lógico que está implícito en la tarea de programar. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo proponemos una serie de situaciones que las abordaremos en tres fases.Eje: Educación en TecnologíaRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

El Cuidado En Las Voces Del Profesorado: Significados Y Prácticas Durante La Pandemia De Covid-19

Given the importance of the discussion on care at international and national level during the pandemic and post-pandemic, this article presents the results of a qualitative research developed in 2022 whose general objective was to build knowledge on the care practices deployed by Chilean teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2022 with primary and secondary school teachers from public schools in the Valparaíso and Metropolitan Region of Santiago, selected according to a homogeneous purposive sampling strategy. The inductive analysis of the discourses was assisted by NVivo 12 software. The results reflect a critical perspective of the teachers regarding the knowledge of the students as a necessary process to sustain a caring relationship; in which they question the feasibility of caring for their students given their working conditions; and make visible the prevalence of meritocratic discourses in the school that -even in a pandemic- exacerbated academic achievements. The analyzed teachers' discourses suggest the need for further research to delve into the practices and meanings that teachers and students give to care, considering the guidelines issued by the national policy on school coexistence and the contexts of maximum regulation of teaching work in Chile.Dada la importancia que ha retomado la discusión sobre los cuidados a nivel internacional y nacional durante la pandemia y postpandemia, este artículo expone los resultados de una investigación cualitativa desarrollada el año 2022 cuyo objetivo general fue construir conocimiento sobre las prácticas de cuidado desplegadas por el profesorado chileno durante la pandemia COVID-19. Se aplicaron catorce entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes de primaria y secundaria de escuelas públicas de la Región de Valparaíso y Metropolitana de Santiago, seleccionados/as según una estrategia de muestreo intencional homogéneo. El análisis inductivo de los discursos fue asistido por el software NVivo 12. Los resultados reflejan una perspectiva crítica del profesorado en torno al conocimiento del estudiantado como proceso necesario para sostener una relación de cuidado; en la que aquellos cuestionan la factibilidad de cuidar a sus estudiantes dadas sus condiciones laborales, y visibilizan la prevalencia de discursos meritocráticos en la escuela que en pandemia exacerbaron logros académicos. Los discursos docentes analizados plantean la necesidad de ampliar investigaciones para profundizar en prácticas y significados que el profesorado y estudiantes otorgan al cuidado, considerando las directrices emanadas de la política nacional de convivencia escolar y los contextos de máxima regulación del trabajo docente existentes en Chile.Dada a importância da discussão sobre o cuidado a nível internacional e nacional durante a pandemia e pós-pandemia, este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida em 2022 cujo objetivo geral foi construir conhecimento sobre as práticas de cuidado implantadas por professores chilenos durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Foram realizadas 14 entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores do ensino fundamental e médio de escolas públicas de Valparaíso e da Região Metropolitana de Santiago, selecionados de acordo com uma estratégia de amostragem intencional homogênea. A análise indutiva dos discursos foi auxiliada pelo software NVivo 12. Os resultados reflectem uma perspetiva crítica dos professores sobre o conhecimento dos alunos como um processo necessário para sustentar uma relação de cuidado, em que questionam a viabilidade de cuidar dos seus alunos dadas as suas condições de trabalho, e tornam visível a prevalência de discursos meritocráticos na escola que, em pandemia, exacerbaram o desempenho académico. Os discursos docentes analisados suscitam a necessidade de novas pesquisas para aprofundar as práticas e os significados que professores e alunos dão ao cuidado, considerando as diretrizes emanadas da política nacional de convivência escolar e os contextos de máxima regulação do trabalho docente no Chile

Education for Citizenship: The Meanings Chilean Teachers Convey in the Neoliberal Context

This article presents the results from research into education for citizenship in which Chilean teachers participated. Ninety-nine interviews and two focal groups that included questions on knowledge, beliefs, values and practices related to education for citizenship were carried out. NVivo 12 software was used for the analysis of the discourses, following the direction similar to the grounded theory that considers elaborating free nodes, structuring categories and configuring categorical trees, according to the school’s administrative dependency. The results yield six macro-categories: School, Authoritarianism, Neoliberalism, Curriculum, Teacher Role and Citizenship. The present article analyses the Neoliberalism macro-category formed, in turn, by the following subcategories: (1) subject and resistance, (2) competitiveness and individualism in a subject that is instrumental, consumer and reproducer of the establishment, (3) commodified schools, where the economic value regards students and families as clients, (4) a culture of bureaucratization and accountability, and (5) lack of a sense of communality as a collective, supportive body. In all of them, teachers show themselves eloquently critical of the neoliberal system and of the obstacles it poses to rights, justice and democracy in the current capitalist citizenship and school

Hydrothermal treatment and organosolv pulping of softwood assisted by carbon dioxide

A profitability requirement for biorefineries is the integral use of raw materials through efficient and optimized fractionation processes. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been stated as a promising green solvent which advantages have been previously suggested in the literature. This work evaluates the effect of subcritical and supercritical CO2 in both the hydrothermal treatment and the organosolv delignification, either as individual stages or as sequential processes, using pine sawdust, chips, and milled chips as raw materials. Both, the hydrothermal and the organosolv trials were first performed according to simple factorial designs, followed by a set of extra experiments for further understanding of the pine behavior. Carbohydrates content in the hydrothermal liquors and structural carbohydrates and lignin in the final pulps were analyzed. The yield (percentage of final biomass over original biomass) of the hydrothermal trials ranged from 76.2%–99.2%. CO2 effect on yield and hemicelluloses removal is more noticeable at shorter periods and low (120 °C) and mild temperatures (160 °C), and it weakens as reaction time and temperature increase. The delignification rate during organosolv pulping ranged between 10.3 % and 70.1 %. For industrial sawdust, the presence of CO2 during organosolv pulping significantly decreased delignification. The effect of hemicelluloses removal before organosolv pulping varies depending on the raw material, but in general, has a deleterious effect on delignification of pulps.Fil: Imlauer Vedoya, Camila María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Vallejos, María Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Area, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Felissia, Fernando Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Raffaeli, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: da Silva Curvelo, Antonio Aprigio. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

Rayas de agua dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de Suramérica. Parte II. Colombia, Brasil, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay y Argentina

El libro es la continuación de una iniciativa de hace ya unos años (2012), donde varios países del área de distribución de la familia, decidieron unirse al ver como este recurso estaba disminuyendo o bien, era prácticamente desconocido. Este grupo tiene un gran impacto principalmente por su importancia como recurso pesquero ornamental, aunque también se usa como alimento, en la pesca deportiva y tiene incidencia en la salud pública. Para poder mitigar la posible sobreexplotación, surgió la necesidad de regular el comercio e intentar convertir la pesca ornamental de rayas en una actividad sostenible. Por ello, desde 2012 el IAvH junto a varios países propusieron la inclusión de varias especies al Apéndice III de Cites. Una de las limitantes de esta propuesta y por la cual no prosperó en su inicio, fue la falta de información sobre las especies.Bogotá, D. C

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ