Efecto de dietas enriquecidas con semilla de lino y CLA en el perfil de ácidos grasos del depósito subcutáneo de terneros frisones

Publishe

Expression of TCRγδ receptor genes in jejunum mucosa of baby alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la expresión de genes del receptor TCRγδ (gamma y delta) en el epitelio yeyunal de 16 crías de alpaca aparentemente sanas, de 2 a 47 días de edad, mediante la cuantificación de ARN mensajero (ARNm) utilizando cebadores específicos. Se tomaron porciones de yeyuno (2 cm de longitud). El ARNm total de la mucosa de la porción media del yeyuno actuó como molde para la síntesis de ADN complementario mediante transcripción reversa (RT), seguida de un PCR-tiempo real para la amplificación y cuantificación de los ARNm de los polipéptidos que conforman las cadenas gamma y delta del TCR. Se utilizó el método 2-ΔΔCt para la cuantificación relativa de ARNm, teniendo como calibrador a dos crías neonatas que no habían consumido calostro. Las crías de 1, 2, 3 y ≥4 semanas de edad expresaron el gen gamma en 4.75, 6.78, 16.24 y 103.11 veces lo expresado por los animales calibradores, respectivamente, y el gen delta fue expresado en 9.43, 20.78, 25.08 y 146.46 veces, respectivamente. Los resultados demuestran que los genes gamma y delta se expresan en forma creciente con la edad, y significativamente a partir de la cuarta semana de edad (p<0.05), indicando que los linfocitos Tγδ se incrementan en la mucosa intestinal con la edad.The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TCRγδ receptor genes (gamma and delta) in the jejunal epithelium of 16 apparently healthy baby alpacas (2 to 47 days of age), by quantifying messenger RNA (mRNA) using specific primers. Jejunumsamples (2 cm long) were collected. Total mRNA of the medium portion of the jejunum acted as template for complementary DNA synthesis by reverse transcription (RT), followed by real-time PCR for the amplification and quantification of the mRNAs of the polypeptides that make up the gamma and delta chains of the TCR. The 2-ΔΔCt method was used for the relative mRNA quantification, using as calibrator two neonatal alpacas that had not consumed colostrum. The alpacas of 1, 2, 3 and >4 weeks of age expressed the gamma gene at 4.75, 6.78, 16.24 and 103.11 folds as expressed by the calibrator animals, respectively, and the delta gene was expressed at 9.43, 20.78, 25.08, and 146.46 folds, respectively. The results demonstrate that gamma and delta genes are increasingly expressed with age, and significantly from the fourth week of age (p<0.05), indicating that Tγδ lymphocytes increase in the intestinal mucosa with age

Cognitive impairment induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol occurs through heteromers between cannabinoid CB1 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound of marijuana, induces numerous undesirable effects, including memory impairments, anxiety, and dependence. Conversely, THC also has potentially therapeutic effects, including analgesia, muscle relaxation, and neuroprotection. However, the mechanisms that dissociate these responses are still not known. Using mice lacking the serotonin receptor 5-HT2A, we revealed that the analgesic and amnesic effects of THC are independent of each other: while amnesia induced by THC disappears in the mutant mice, THC can still promote analgesia in these animals. In subsequent molecular studies, we showed that in specific brain regions involved in memory formation, the receptors for THC and the 5-HT2A receptors work together by physically interacting with each other. Experimentally interfering with this interaction prevented the memory deficits induced by THC, but not its analgesic properties. Our results highlight a novel mechanism by which the beneficial analgesic properties of THC can be dissociated from its cognitive side effects

Bioformulation of microbial biocontrol agents for a sustainable agriculture

The application of microbial based biopesticides has become a sustainable alternative to the use of chemicals to prevent yield losses due to plant pathogens. However, microbial based biopesticides are often unsuccessfully formulated and do not meet the demanding regulatory standards required by the agencies, which hinders their commercialization. Hence, an outline on the approaches to attain more effective formulations might be useful for the development of future more effective products. With this aim, this chapter reports the current state of biocontrol strategies and describes the principles of microbial biocontrol formulations. Emphasis is placed on techniques and tools available for the development and characterisation of microbial products. To provide glimpses on the possible formulations, the different existing additives, carriers, inoculation techniques and formulation types are exhaustively reviewed. Finally, requirements and principles for efficacy evaluation of plant protection products in the European Union are include

Archaeogenomic distinctiveness of the Isthmo-Colombian Area

The recently-enriched genomic history of Indigenous groups in the Americas is still meagre concerning continental Central America. Here, we report ten pre-Hispanic (plus two early colonial) genomes and 84 genome-wide profiles from seven groups presently living in Panama. Our analyses reveal that pre-Hispanic demographic events contributed to the extensive genetic structure currently seen in the area, which is also characterized by a distinctive Isthmo-Colombian Indigenous component. This component drives these populations on a specific variability axis and derives from the local admixture of different ancestries of northern North American origin(s). Two of these ancestries were differentially associated to Pleistocene Indigenous groups that also moved into South America leaving heterogenous genetic footprints. An additional Pleistocene ancestry was brought by UPopI, a still unsampled population that remained restricted to the Isthmian area, expanded locally during the early Holocene, and left genomic traces up to the present day

Archaeogenomic distinctiveness of the Isthmo-Colombian area

The recently enriched genomic history of Indigenous groups in the Americas is still meager concerning continental Central America. Here, we report ten pre-Hispanic (plus two early colonial) genomes and 84 genome-wide profiles from seven groups presently living in Panama. Our analyses reveal that pre-Hispanic demographic events contributed to the extensive genetic structure currently seen in the area, which is also characterized by a distinctive Isthmo-Colombian Indigenous component. This component drives these populations on a specific variability axis and derives from the local admixture of different ancestries of northern North American origin(s). Two of these ancestries were differentially associated to Pleistocene Indigenous groups that also moved into South America, leaving heterogenous genetic footprints. An additional Pleistocene ancestry was brought by a still unsampled population of the Isthmus (UPopI) that remained restricted to the Isthmian area, expanded locally during the early Holocene, and left genomic traces up to the present day

Prevalence of self-harm among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents: a comparison of personal and social adversity with a heterosexual sample in Ghana

Objectives We sought to estimate the prevalence of self-reported self-harm among adolescents identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) in Ghana, and compare self-reported personal and social adversities related to self-harm in this group to those in a random sample of heterosexual adolescents from the same locality. Results A total of 444 adolescents aged 13-21 years, comprising 74 LGBT adolescents and 370 heterosexual adolescents, provided data. The lifetime prevalence estimate of self-harm was higher in the LGBT group (47%) than the heterosexual group (23%). The LGBT group reported a higher rate of self-harm during the previous 12 months (45%), compared to the heterosexual group (18%). LGBT adolescents reported more alcohol and substance use and more personal social adversities, including various forms of victimisation, than heterosexual adolescents. They were no more likely to report difficulty in making and keeping friends or schoolwork problems than were heterosexual adolescents

Native Bacillus subtilis Strains Efficiently Control Lupin Anthracnose Both under Greenhouse and in Field Conditions

Colletotrichum acutatum is the cause of lupin anthracnose in the Andean zone. The pathogen affects the crop throughout its entire production cycle, causing losses of up to 100%. In previous studies, native strains of B. subtilis (CtpxS1-1; CtpxS2-1 and CtpxZ3) from the province of Cotopaxi reduced anthracnose infections in seed and seedlings. This study evaluated the potential biological control of these strains by using two lupin anthracnose susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions and in the field. Plants of I-451 Güaranguito and I-450 Andino cultivars were treated with active biomass from each B. subtilis strain. Pre-inoculated plants that received a bacterial concentration of 1 × 109 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) showed a reduction by ten times in the stem lesion diameter when compared with plants artificially infected with the pathogen alone in greenhouse evaluations. Sequential applications of antagonists every two-week allow for quantifying their biocontrol efficiency under field conditions. A significant (