Progress in the beginning stage of new reclamation work in early 19th-century Kashobara, in the southern part of Saijo Basin, Higashi-Hiroshima City, southwestern Japan: Analysis of “Kokugunshi-goyo-kakiagecho, Kamo-gun Kashobara”

本稿は，「国郡志御用書上帳　賀茂郡柏原　ひかへ」の分析を通して，19世紀初頭の東広島市西条盆地南部，柏原における新田開発初期の進捗過程の詳細を明らかにすることを目的とする。本史料は，1825（文政8）年に広島藩の地誌書として完成した『芸藩通誌』の編纂材料として，領内各郡村から藩へ提出された調査報告書である。開発の特徴として，1）入植を伴う新田開発は，広島藩からの指示によって始まったが，水利施設の増築という入植者からの要望が，割庄屋を通して藩へ申し入れられ，それが叶えられていること，2）入植者を増やす方策として，藩が入植者を経済的に支援し，年貢の免除や軽減を認めていることなど，入植者に配慮した藩の手厚い対応が垣間見られた。また，本稿では，水利施設に関する記載内容の合理的な解釈を，絵図や現実の地形条件に基づいて行った。文献史料と絵図・地形図などを組み合わせて活用する方法をとることで，当時の様子を精緻に再現できたところに，分野横断型の研究手法の意義を見出すことができた。We discuss progress during the beginning stage of new reclamation work in early 19th-century Kashobara, in the southern part of Saijo Basin, Higashi-Hiroshima City, through interpretation of the historical document “Kokugunshigoyo-kakiagecho, Kamo-gun Kashobara.” The document is a copy of a report wherein county leaders (Warijoya) wrote geographical descriptions of each village in their county as of the early 19th century, at the order of the Hiroshima Domain; then, in 1825, the Domain compiled the reports as a book entitled “Geihantushi.” This study highlights that 1) the Domain ordered local villagers to engage in reclamation work in local neighborhoods, while villagers demanded through the county leaders that the Domain build irrigation facilities for growing rice (such as ponds and canals), which the Domain agreed to and provided financial support for; and 2) the Domain further supported poor newcomers by reducing their taxes. This case reveals that the Domain treated the local people in the county with kindness, whereas many other Domains were well-known to have ruled farmers heavy-handedly. Although it is difficult to understand some complicated descriptions in the document, such as concerning embankments of the irrigation ponds, we can arrive at reasonable reconstructions by interpreting old drawings and considering the actual topography. This research is a good example of the advantages of cross-disciplinary methods

Characteristics of the stone monuments in Saijo, Higashi-Hiroshima City, southwest Japan, and their significance for teaching materials of social studies.

本稿の目的は，広島県東広島市旧西条町に分布する石碑の特徴を明らかにすると共に，小学校や中学校社会科の地域学習における石碑の教材的意義を検討することである。調査の結果，202基の石碑が確認され，寺社や公共施設，溜池などに石碑の立地が多くみられた。石碑の建立年との関連を検討すると，第二次世界大戦の終戦を境に，石碑の主な建立目的が地域社会に貢献した人物や行為の顕彰から，寺社への寄附に関連したものへと変化していったことが明らかになった。社会科教材としての意義については，1）学習指導要領への適合と2）石碑の情報量という観点から検討を行い，石碑のもつ教材的意義を3つに分類した。各分類において，具体的な活用方法を考察し想定される学習の展開を提示した。本稿は，「地域学習」の不振の要因のひとつである，地域に即した資料の不足の改善の一助になると期待される。An objective of this study is to clarify the characteristics and distribution of the stone monuments in Saijo, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture, and discuss their significance for elementary and junior high school social studies teaching materials. Two hundred two monuments were recognized in this area. They were mostly located in temples, shrines, public institutions, roadsides, and irrigation ponds. The purpose of erecting monuments has changed over 150 years from the Meiji era to the present day, which reflects the transition of the history of the local community or local people’s consciousness about their community. All monuments were classified into three levels considering their significance for elementary and junior high school social studies teaching materials: i.e., A. Useful and sufficient information; B. Useful but insufficient information; and C. Others. As a result, we defined 6 monuments as level A, 71 as level B, and 125 as level C. We propose an example of a social studies teaching plan including information about the monuments according to each level. The monuments directly provided information about the history of the local community and the location of historical events; therefore, the teaching plan using information about the monuments has possibility to improve for social studies

Geographical Contents in Primary School : An Analysis of the English Geography Textbook “Collins Primary Geography”

In this study, we have analyzed the English geography textbook “Collins Primary Geography”, in order to clarify the characteristics of geographical contents in primary school. Results of this study are as follows: age (grade)-appropriate teaching through different process of leaning (awareness, understanding, cognition and value judgement) and physical, human, environmental geography and topography as a content. However, there are no contents across physical and human geography, one of the features of geography, in the textbook.本稿は，2016年度前期開講の地理認識内容学特講（由井担当）の一部をもとに，加筆・修正を加えたものである

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

The IVS data input to ITRF2014

2015ivs..data....1N - GFZ Data Services, Helmoltz Centre, Potsdam, GermanyVery Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is a primary space-geodetic technique for determining precise coordinates on the Earth, for monitoring the variable Earth rotation and orientation with highest precision, and for deriving many other parameters of the Earth system. The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS, http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/) is a service of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) and the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The datasets published here are the results of individual Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) sessions in the form of normal equations in SINEX 2.0 format (http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Organization/AnalysisCoordinator/SinexFormat/sinex.html, the SINEX 2.0 description is attached as pdf) provided by IVS as the input for the next release of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRF): ITRF2014. This is a new version of the ITRF2008 release (Bockmann et al., 2009). For each session/ file, the normal equation systems contain elements for the coordinate components of all stations having participated in the respective session as well as for the Earth orientation parameters (x-pole, y-pole, UT1 and its time derivatives plus offset to the IAU2006 precession-nutation components dX, dY (https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2006_Resol1.pdf). The terrestrial part is free of datum. The data sets are the result of a weighted combination of the input of several IVS Analysis Centers. The IVS contribution for ITRF2014 is described in Bachmann et al (2015), Schuh and Behrend (2012) provide a general overview on the VLBI method, details on the internal data handling can be found at Behrend (2013)