Central America: Labor Reports and Child Labor Reports Pursuant to the Trade Act of 2002, Section 2102(c)(8)-(9)

[Excerpt] These comments are in response to the “Request for Information Concerning Labor Rights in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua and their Laws Governing Exploitative Child Labor” published at 68 Fed. Reg. 19580 (April 21, 2003). This Request for Information was issued pursuant to Section 2102(c)(8) and (9) of the Trade Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-210, which requires the President, with respect to any proposed trade agreement, to submit to Congress a “meaningful labor rights report” and a “report describing the extent to which the country or countries that are parties to the agreement have in effect laws governing exploitative child labor.

Has Foreign Entry Made Domestic Banks More Efficient?

Has foreign entry indeed made domestic banks more efficient? Unite's and Sullivan's study, based on a sample of 16 expanded commercial banks (ECBs) and general macroeconomic data for the Philippines for the period 1990-1998, on the whole, supports the view of a general weakening of relationship-style banking brought about by the liberalization of foreign presence in the Philippine banking sector. This has consequences, of course, to the practices in the domestic banking industry. Read more in this Policy Notes.financial liberalization, foreign bank entry, domestic banks, expanded commercial banks

U.S. Retailers: Responsible for the Global Sweatshop Crisis

This report provides an overview of the global sweatshop system, and offers a closer look at some of the more “prominent perpetrators” within the system, including: Ann Taylor, Abercrombie & Fitch, Eddie Bauer, Gap, Old Navy, Banana Republic, and J. Crew

U.S. Investors’ Response to Philippine Capital Market Liberalization: Evidence from the First Philippine Fund

This paper investigates the impact of liberalization of international investment restrictions in the Philippines on the discounts of the First Philippine Fund (FPF) closed-end country fund. In particular, it investigates whether such restrictions are binding and how U.S. investors see the announced relaxation of restrictions. The overall results suggest evidence supporting the hypothesis that changes in the FPF’s discounts are associated with the announcements of changes in restrictions in international investment.capital markets, liberalization, investment

The economic and innovation contribution of universities: a regional perspective

Universities and other higher education institutions (HEIs) have come to be regarded as key sources of knowledge utilisable in the pursuit of economic growth. Although there have been numerous studies assessing the economic and innovation impact of HEIs, there has been little systematic analysis of differences in the relative contribution of HEIs across regions. This paper provides an exploration of some of these differences in the context of the UK’s regions. Significant differences are found in the wealth generated by universities according to regional location and type of institution. Universities in more competitive regions are generally more productive than those located in less competitive regions. Also, traditional universities are generally more productive than their newer counterparts, with university productivity positively related to knowledge commercialisation capabilities. Weaker regions tend to be more dependent on their universities for income and innovation, but often these universities under-perform in comparison to counterpart institutions in more competitive regions. It is argued that uncompetitive regions lack the additional knowledge infrastructure, besides universities, that are more commonly a feature of more competitive regions

Predicting Petty Corruption in the Public Sector through Household Survey Non-Compliance

Corruption is a phenomenon in which many South Africans are well versed. While it continues to headline the news, the true extent of corruption is difficult to determine. Perception based indices have been proven to be inaccurate and experience-based data is also likely to incorrectly estimate the level of corruption. Forensic economics have come forward to fill this gap. These methods, however, are not always feasible as they rely on special datasets which are often difficult to come by. Using the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) Waves 3, 4 and 5, this paper measures the difference in income underreporting between the public and private sectors. This difference is argued to represent the relative level of petty corruption in the public sector. Estimation results show an increasing trend in petty corruption over the period 2012-2017 with the public sector underreporting their income by, on average, 31.71%. Petty corruption is highest in law enforcement and the general government sectors. Evidence shows spatial variation in petty corruption with rural areas having the highest levels of underreporting. Petty corruption is also found to vary across the income distribution as levels of underreporting increase with income

The Perrymander, Polarization, and Peyote v. Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 accomplished what the Fifteenth Amendment alone could not: safeguarding minority voting rights. One of the Act’s key enforcement provisions, Section 2, has helped protect not only minorities’ access to the polls but also their right to an undiluted vote against potentially discriminatory means such as legislative redistricting. By prohibiting minority vote dilution even when a legislative redistricting plan is drawn strictly for political gain, Section 2 has also become one of the only checks on partisan gerrymandering. Yet a certain confluence of circumstances puts Section 2 at risk of being either struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional or eviscerated, leaving the narrower interpretation of Section 2 that Chief Justice Roberts advocated when he worked at the Justice Department. These circumstances—the polarization of Congress, the ideological disposition of the Supreme Court, and the changing composition of the electorate—threaten to squelch the minority vote just as it amasses the potential to swing presidential elections and, thus, the futures of the political parties

American Vulture Campaign

In the American Vulture Campaign, UNITE-HERE calls for a boycott of American Eagle Outfitters, as the company has failed to uphold its own code of conduct. AEO, the largest client of National Logistics Services (NLS), has ignored its commitment to solely working with contractors who respect workers rights, particularly the right of employees to associate freely

The changing nature of labour regulation: the distinctiveness of the National Agreement for the Engineering Construction Industry

The article addresses the changing nature of labour regulation through analysis of the National Agreement for the Engineering Construction Industry, originating in 1981. It shows how multiple spatial regulatory scales, the changing coalitions of actors involved, employer and client engagement and labour agency have been critical to National Agreement for the Engineering Construction Industry's survival

An interpretative phenomenological analysis of stress and coping in first year undergraduates

In the UK, changes to the higher education system have increased the range of stressors experienced by students above those traditionally associated with the transition to university. Despite this, there is little qualitative research examining how students experience and cope with the adjustment to university. The experience of the transition was investigated in depth amongst 10 first year UK undergraduates. Purposive sampling resulted in a group with demographics similar to national statistics on UK undergraduates. Semi-structured interviews were used beginning with a content specific vignette to develop rapport. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilised to analyse the transcripts and quality checks were implemented to increase the validity of the analysis. Five main themes were identified: all the change, with subthemes of independent living, homesickness, differences between post-compulsory education and university; expectations of university; academic focus with subthemes of self-discipline, motivation, learning from experience; support network with subthemes of establishing a support network, support for coping with problems; and difficulties with subthemes of difficulties experienced with housemates, finances and employment, and academic difficulties. Students used a range of coping strategies. By identifying the role of positive psychological strengths such as optimism, hope, self-efficacy and self-control in coping with stress and facilitating positive adaptation, the study locates positive psychological strengths within a transactional understanding of stress and provides depth and relevance to their role in facilitating adjustment. Such qualitative research is rare in the positive psychology and stress literature. Suggestions for easing the transition are made