Civil helicopter wire strike assessment study. Volume 1: Findings and recommendations

Approximately 208 civil helicopter wire strike accidents for a ten year period 1970 to 1979 are analyzed. It is found that 83% of the wire strikes occurred during bright clear weather. Analysis of the accidents is organized under pilot, environment, and machine factors. Methods to reduce the wire strike accident rate are discussed, including detection/warning devices, identification of wire locations prior to flight, wire cutting devices, and implementation of training programs. The benefits to be gained by implementing accident avoidance methods are estimated to be fully justified by reduction in injury and death and reduction of aircraft damage and loss

Proprietary Reasons and Joint Action

Some of the reasons one acts on in joint action are shared with fellow participants. But others are proprietary: reasons of one’s own that have no direct practical significance for other participants. The compatibility of joint action with proprietary reasons serves to distinguish the former from other forms of collective agency; moreover, it is arguably a desirable feature of joint action. Advocates of “team reasoning” link the special collective intention individual participants have when acting together with a distinctive form of practical reasoning that purports to put individuals in touch with group or collective reasons. Such views entail the surprising conclusion that one cannot engage in joint action for proprietary reasons. Suppose we understand the contrast between minimal and robust forms of joint action in terms of the extent to which participants act on proprietary reasons as opposed to shared reasons. Then, if the team reasoning view of joint intention and action is correct, it makes no sense to talk of minimal joint action. As soon as the reason for which one participates is proprietary, then one is not, on this view, genuinely engaged in joint action

Cultural robotics : The culture of robotics and robotics in culture

Copyright 2013 Samani et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedIn this paper, we have investigated the concept of "Cultural Robotics" with regard to the evolution o social into cultural robots in the 21st Century. By defining the concept of culture, the potential development of culture between humans and robots is explored. Based on the cultural values of the robotics developers, and the learning ability of current robots, cultural attributes in this regard are in the process of being formed, which would define the new concept of cultural robotics. According to the importance of the embodiment of robots in the sense of presence, the influence of robots in communication culture is anticipated. The sustainability of robotics culture based on diversity for cultural communities for various acceptance modalities is explored in order to anticipate the creation of different attributes of culture between robot and humans in the futurePeer reviewe

Spin dynamics simulation of polarization transfer in spin-exchange optical pumping

Tiivistelmä. NMR-spektroskopia tarjoaa työkaluja erilaisten materiaalien rakenteen tutkimiseen. Erityisesti menetelmän hyödyllisyys ilmenee biologisten materiaalien tutkimuksessa, sillä spektrometreissä käytettyelektromagneettinen säteilytoimii radiotaajuudella. Näin ollen tutkittavaa kohdetta voidaan takastella pitkienkin mittausaikojen puitteissa ilman säteilyhaittaa. NMR-spektroskopiasta saadut signaalit ovat kuitenkin suhteellisen heikkoja. Näiden signaalien vahvuus määräytyytutkittavan kohteen nettomagnetisaatiosta, joka taas puolestaan juontuu kvanttimekaanisesta ilmiöstä nimeltä spin. Kuten sähkövaraus ja massa, yksi luonnon perustavanlaatuisista ominaisuuksista on spin. Spin on kvanttimekaaninen ilmiö, jota voidaan ajatella analogiana klassisen mekaniikan kuvaukseen hyrrästä, joka pyörii akselinsa ympäri. Tämän pyörimissuunnan kulmaliikemäärä suuntautuu pyörimistasosta ylöspäin tai alaspäin. Yksittäisetparittomathiukkaset, kuten protonit, neutronitja elektronit omaavat kukin spinin arvon 1/2. Useamman nukleonin muodostaman atomiytimenkokonaisspin muodostuu parittomien nukleonien spinien määräämänä. Nollasta eroavat ytimet ovat NMR-aktiivisia ja niillä on täten myös spinimpulssimomentti, joka on kvantittunut vektorisuure. Spinimpulssimomentti aiheuttaa ytimelle magneettisen dipolimomentin. Kun magneettisen dipolimomentin omaava ydin asetetaan ulkoiseen magneettikenttään, siihen kohdistuu vääntömomentti, joka pyrkii kääntämään ytimen orientaatiota kentässä. Tämä tunnetaan Zeeman-ilmiönä. Näistä orientaatioista johtuen osa ytimistä on korkeampienergisissa tiloissa kuin toiset ytimet. Tämä havaitaan ytimienenergiatasojen eroina, joiden välillä ytimet voivat siirtyä vastaanottamalla tai emittoimalla fotonin, jonka taajuus vastaa näiden energiatasojen eroa. Ulkoisessa magneettikentässä ydin pyrkii orientoitumaan ennemmin magneettiselta momentiltaan ennemmin kentän suuntaisesti, kuin sitä vastaan. Normaalissa huoneenlämmössä terminen energia on kuitenkin niin suurta, että se riittää sekoittamaan magneettisten momenttien orientaatioita. Näiden ilmiöiden yhteisvaikutuksena tutkittavassa kohteessa havaitaan niin kutsuttu makroskooppinen ydinmagnetoituma. Tämä magnetoituma on vektorisuure, joka johtuu edellämainittujen magneettisten momenttien orientaatioiden miehityseroista. Miehityserot ovat kuitenkin hyvinpieniä, normaalisti vain muutama ydin miljoonasta. Havaittu NMR-signaali on suoraan verrannollinen tutkittavan näytteen spin-tilojen eroille. Näiden tilojen miehityseroa voidaan kasvattaa tietyillä menetelmillä, jota yleisesti kutsutaan hyperpolarisaatioksi. Yksi näistä menetelmistäon spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). SEOP tarjoaa tehokkaan jalokaasujen ydinten spin-polarisaation hyödyntämällä kaasuvaiheentörmäyksissä tapahtuvaa spin-siirtoa alkalimetallin atomien kanssa. Ennen törmäyksiä, alkalimetallin elektronienspin-tilojensiirtymiä indusoidaan pumppaamalla niitä jatkuvalla ympyräpolarisodulla valolla. Tämä aiheuttaa alkalimetallin atomien spin-polarisaation, joka puolestaan voidaan siirtää jalokaasunytimille törmäystapahtumissa. Spin-polarisaation siirtoa voidaan simuloida laskennallisesti hyödyntämällä multiskaalan simulaatiota, joka yhdistää molekyylidynamiikan, kvanttikemian ja spin-dynamiikan. Atomien liikeratoja ajan funktiona simuloidaan molekyylidynamiikalla, jonka jälkeen kvanttikemian laskuista saatavilla spin Hamiltonin parametreilla voidaanspin-dynamiikalla propagoida haluttua spin-systeemiä ajassaeteenpäin. Tutustumme tässä katsauksessa kuitenkin tarkemmin vain spin-dynamiikkaan. Spin Hamiton on efektiivinen energialauseke, joka koostuu kaikista systeemiin vuorovaikuttavista voimista, oli ne sitten sisäisiä tai ulkoisia. Spin Hamilton sisältää operaattoreitaesimerkiksielektroni-ja ydin-spineille, ulkoiselle magneettikentälle sekä ylihienon kytkennän vuorovaikutukselle, joista osa esiintyy lausekkeessa eksplisiittisesti ja osa implisiittisesti. Ajassa propagointi saavutetaan numeerisesti ratkaisemalla Liouville-von Neumann yhtälöä. Merkitsevä tulos tämän katsauksen kannalta on propagoidusta spin-systeemistä saatava yksittäisten alkalimetalli-jalokaasu törmäysten välillä tapahtuva spin-polarisaation siirto, joka saadaan ottamalla niin sanottu jälki (trace). Näin menetellen,voidaan kaasuvaiheen törmäyksissä tapahtuvaa spin-polarisaation siirtoasimuloida laskennallisesti. Ytimien spinit ovat oleellisesti yhteydessä NMR-spektroskopiaan. NMR-signaalin voimakkuus määräytyy tutkittavan näytteen nettomagnetisaatiosta, joka juontuu näytteen ytimien spin-tilojen miehityseroista. Näitä spin-tilojen eroja voidaan manipuloida tietyillä menetelmillä. SEOP on yksi tällä hetkellä oleellisista hyperpolarisaatio-menetelmistä, jota käytetään laaja-alaisesti lääketieteessä sekä materiaalitekniikassa. SEOP-menetelmää voidaan kuitenkin mahdollisesti vielä optimoida kaasun paineen, lämpötilan ja komposition suhteen. Tarkoitusperä tässä tutkimuksessaon mahdollistaa kvantitatiivinen polarisaation siirron analysointi, jonka tuloksena voi olla edellä mainittu SEOP-menetelmän optimointi

Constraint rule-based programming of norms for electronic institutions

Peer reviewedPostprin

Epistemic Dependence and Collective Scientific Knowledge

I argue that scientific knowledge is collective knowledge, in a sense to be specified and defended. I first consider some existing proposals for construing collective knowledge and argue that they are unsatisfactory, at least for scientific knowledge as we encounter it in actual scientific practice. Then I introduce an alternative conception of collective knowledge, on which knowledge is collective if there is a strong form of mutual epistemic dependence among scientists, which makes it so that satisfaction of the justification condition on knowledge ineliminably requires a collective. Next, I show how features of contemporary science support the conclusion that scientific knowledge is collective knowledge in this sense. Finally, I consider implications of my proposal and defend it against objections. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

How does it really feel to act together? : Shared emotions and the phenomenology of we-agency

Research on the phenomenology of agency for joint action has so far focused on the sense of agency and control in joint action, leaving aside questions on how it feels to act together. This paper tries to fill this gap in a way consistent with the existing theories of joint action and shared emotion. We first reconstruct Pacherie’s (Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 13, 25–46, 2014) account on the phenomenology of agency for joint action, pointing out its two problems, namely (1) the necessary trade-off between the sense of self- and we-agency; and (2) the lack of affective phenomenology of joint action in general. After elaborating on these criticisms based on our theory of shared emotion, we substantiate the second criticism by discussing different mechanisms of shared affect—feelings and emotions—that are present in typical joint actions. We show that our account improves on Pacherie’s, first by introducing our agentive model of we-agency to overcome her unnecessary dichotomy between a sense of self- and we-agency, and then by suggesting that the mechanisms of shared affect enhance not only the predictability of other agents’ actions as Pacherie highlights, but also an agentive sense of we-agency that emerges from shared emotions experienced in the course and consequence of joint action.Peer reviewe

The Effects of Social Ties on Coordination: Conceptual Foundations for an Empirical Analysis

International audienceThis paper investigates the influence that social ties can have on behavior. After defining the concept of social ties that we consider, we introduce an original model of social ties. The impact of such ties on social preferences is studied in a coordination game with outside option. We provide a detailed game theoretical analysis of this game while considering various types of players, i.e., self-interest maximizing, inequity averse, and fair agents. In addition to these approaches that require strategic reasoning in order to reach some equilibrium, we also present an alternative hypothesis that relies on the concept of team reasoning. After having discussed the differences between the latter and our model of social ties, we show how an experiment can be designed so as to discriminate among the models presented in the paper

Metabolomics demonstrates divergent responses of two Eucalyptus species to water stress

Past studies of water stress in Eucalyptus spp. generally highlighted the role of fewer than five “important” metabolites, whereas recent metabolomic studies on other genera have shown tens of compounds are affected. There are currently no metabolite profiling data for responses of stress-tolerant species to water stress. We used GC–MS metabolite profiling to examine the response of leaf metabolites to a long (2 month) and severe (Ψpredawn < −2 MPa) water stress in two species of the perennial tree genus Eucalyptus (the mesic Eucalyptus pauciflora and the semi-arid Eucalyptus dumosa). Polar metabolites in leaves were analysed by GC–MS and inorganic ions by capillary electrophoresis. Pressure–volume curves and metabolite measurements showed that water stress led to more negative osmotic potential and increased total osmotically active solutes in leaves of both species. Water stress affected around 30–40% of measured metabolites in E. dumosa and 10–15% in E. pauciflora. There were many metabolites that were affected in E. dumosa but not E. pauciflora, and some that had opposite responses in the two species. For example, in E. dumosa there were increases in five acyclic sugar alcohols and four low-abundance carbohydrates that were unaffected by water stress in E. pauciflora. Re-watering increased osmotic potential and decreased total osmotically active solutes in E. pauciflora, whereas in E. dumosa re-watering led to further decreases in osmotic potential and increases in total osmotically active solutes. This experiment has added several extra dimensions to previous targeted analyses of water stress responses in Eucalyptus, and highlights that even species that are closely related (e.g. congeners) may respond differently to water stress and re-waterin

Toward On-Line Slag Composition Analysis: Optical Emissions from Laboratory Electric Arc

We acknowledge the support of Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No. 709923, Academy of Finland for Genome of Steel grant No. 311934, Business Finland for Grant No. 4478/31/2019, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2.Electric arc furnaces and ladle furnaces have an important role in the future of steelmaking where CO 2 emissions have to be mitigated to an acceptable level. One way to address this goal is to optimize and improve the current practices by adjusting the chemistry and reactions with material additions or gas injections. These procedures would greatly benefit from on-line slag composition analysis. Since the electric arcs radiate throughout the melting, optical emission spectroscopy is a potential method for such analysis. In this study, optical emissions from the electric arc are measured in a laboratory environment. Dozens of atomic emission lines were correlated with Cr 2O 3, Fe 2O 3, Al 2O 3, SiO 2, MnO, MgO, CaO, CaF 2, V 2O 5, and Ni content of the slag together with correlation between CaF 2 and molecular optical emission bands of CaF. Optimal spectral resolution for industrial applications was deducted to be between 0.022 and 0.179 nm. © 2021, The Author(s). --//-- Published under the CC BY license.Academy of Finland for Genome of Steel 311934, 4478/31/2019; Research Fund for Coal and Steel 709923; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2