Die selbständige Bewegungsentwicklung nach dem Konzept von Emmi Pikler

In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wird das pädagogische Handlungskonzept der ungarischen Kinderärztin und Pädagogin Emmi Piklers unter dem besonderen Aspekt der selbständigen Bewegungsentwicklung eines Kindes in den ersten beiden Lebensjahren dargestellt. Es werden zudem Weiterentwicklungen des Konzepts wie die Arbeit mit Kindern, die in ihrer motorischen Entwicklung verlangsamt sind, und die Arbeit mit Eltern und Kind in altershomogenen Gruppen, wie sie Österreich unter dem Titel Pikler-Spielraum bekannt sind, vorgestellt. Im methodischen Teil der Arbeit werden Interviews mit Eltern, deren Kinder in ihrer Entwicklung verzögert sind, mithilfe der zusammenfassenden Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring, analysiert. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit die dargestellten Prinzipien Piklers und anderer Vertreterinnen der Piklerpädagogik, aus der Sicht von Eltern hilfreich für das Erleben derselben sein können. Zudem stellt sich die Autorin die Frage, ob die Haltung, die die Eltern im therapeutischen Setting erworben haben, auch im Alltag von Mutter und Kind umgesetzt werden kann und welche Aspekte diesen darüber hinaus von Bedeutung erscheinen.The present diploma thesis outlines the pedagogical concept of the Hungarian paediatrician and pedagogue Emmi Pikler, with special emphasis on the autonomous motional development of infants during their first two years of life. Moreover, further developments of the concept are discussed, such as work with children who display retarded motional development, or work with parents and child in age groups, known in Austria as Pikler-Spielraum. The empirical section of the thesis analyses interviews with parents of children who show retarded motional development by means of content analysis according to Mayring. It investigates to what extent the principles developed by Pikler and other representatives of her pedagogical approach can be useful in the view of parents. Moreover, the author posits the question whether the posture which the parents have acquired in the therapeutic setting can also be adhered to in everyday life of mother and child, and which additional aspects parents consider relevant

Persuasive Strategien in der Zeitschriftenwerbung der spanischen Mobilfunkbetreiber Movistar und Vodafone

Die Diplomarbeit „Persuasive Strategien in der Zeitschriftenwerbung der spanischen Mobilfunkbetreiber Movistar und Vodafone“ untersucht jeweils 10 Werbungen pro Anbieter auf folgende 10 Punkte: Textbeschreibung dem Blickverlauf folgend und Beschreibung des Layouts; Thematik der Werbung; Feststellen der Zielgruppe; Untersuchung des Chronotopos der Werbung; Figurenbeschreibung; Analyse des Slogan folgend der Checkliste von Meyer-Hentschel; Analyse der Bildelemente folgend der Checkliste von Meyer-Hentschel; Hervorheben der Isotopienetze; Kognitive und emotionale Beeinflussung; Kommentar; Um eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Analyse durchführen zu können, wurden vorweg im theoretischen Teil die gängigsten Werbemodelle und Strategien der Einflussnahme erläutert. Weiters widmet sich ein Kapitel der Werbegestaltung und informiert über eine gute Verwendung von Sprache und Bildmaterial, dem Zusammenspiel von Text und Bild und ein gelungenes Layout. Zusammenfassend konnte festgestellt werden, dass die meisten Werbungen ähnlich aufgebaut sind, und den theoretischen Empfehlungen folgen, indem sie ein Seiten übergreifendes Bild - meistens eine Abbildung einer Person - verwenden, sich im Slogan relativ kurz halten, gerne Imperativ und Zukunftsformen verwenden und durch Adjektive bzw. Adverbien das Produkt noch besonderer darstellen. Es wird versucht emotionale Momente auszulösen, jedoch auch immer auf kognitiver Ebene zu arbeiten, indem die technischen Vorteile der Produkte genannt werden. In jeder Werbung sind verschiedenste Methoden der Einflussnahme zu finden.The thesis „Persuasive strategies in the magazine advertisements of the Spanish mobile companies Movistar and Vodafone“, is analyzing 10 advertisements of each company, following these 10 steps: description of the material, following the directions of sight and description of the layout; topic of the advertisement; identification of the target group; analysis of the slogan, following the checklist by Meyer-Hentschel; analysis of the visual material following the checklist by Meyer-Hentschel; analysis of the isotopies ; cognitive and emotional persuasion; commentary; In order to be able to make a scientifically profounded analysis, the first, theoretical part of the thesis, presents the most common advertisement models and strategies of persuasion. Another chapter is dedicated to the design of advertisements and informs about a good use of language and visual material, the interplay of text and pictures and a successful arrangement. Summarizing the analysis, it was proofed that most advertisements have a similar layout and follow the theoretical recommendations, using a picture – mainly showing a person – that is filling an entire page, formulating a short and precise slogan, frequently with imperative or future verb forms as well as a lot of adjectives and adverbs to present the product even better. It is tried to create emotional moments, but also to use cognitive facts, like the technical advantages of a product. In every advertisement we can find emotional and cognitive methods of persuasion

Characterization of positive clusters in the CLOUD nucleation experiments

The mechanism of new particle formation (NPF) events is still poorly understood. The CLOUD experiment is studying at which conditions this process occurs. During the CLOUD 7 campaign (fall 2012) the evolution of the nucleation rate with different reagents (sulphuric acid, ammonia, dimethylamine and α-pinene) was tested. Here we investigate the composition of freshly formed positive ions during the nucleation process, which allows us to understand the formation mechanisms of these clusters. The time evolution of the clusters is shown demonstrating the correlation between the formation of these clusters and the nucleation process

Nucleation of H_2SO_4 and oxidized organics in CLOUD experiment

The research of atmospheric new particle formation has proceeded lately as the role of sulphuric acid has been established. Still, the roles of other atmospheric compounds in nucleation remain largely unclear. To clarify the first steps of atmospheric new particle formation extensive nucleation experiments were performed in CLOUD chamber in 2012. Especially the role of oxidations products of α-pinene was studied in detail. The experiments provided new information about the part of oxidized organics in nucleation

The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere

About half of present-day cloud condensation nuclei originate from atmospheric nucleation, frequently appearing as a burst of new particles near midday. Atmospheric observations show that the growth rate of new particles often accelerates when the diameter of the particles is between one and ten nanometres. In this critical size range, new particles are most likely to be lost by coagulation with pre-existing particles, thereby failing to form new cloud condensation nuclei that are typically 50 to 100 nanometres across. Sulfuric acid vapour is often involved in nucleation but is too scarce to explain most subsequent growth, leaving organic vapours as the most plausible alternative, at least in the planetary boundary layer. Although recent studies predict that low-volatility organic vapours contribute during initial growth, direct evidence has been lacking. The accelerating growth may result from increased photolytic production of condensable organic species in the afternoon, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour condensation on the smallest particles (the nano-Köhler theory), has so far remained ambiguous. Here we present experiments performed in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions that investigate the role of organic vapours in the initial growth of nucleated organic particles in the absence of inorganic acids and bases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia and amines, respectively. Using data from the same set of experiments, it has been shown that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation. We focus on the growth of nucleated particles and find that the organic vapours that drive initial growth have extremely low volatilities (saturation concentration less than 10^(−4.5) micrograms per cubic metre). As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due to more abundant organic vapours of slightly higher volatility (saturation concentrations of 10^(−4.5) to 10^(−0.5) micrograms per cubic metre). We present a particle growth model that quantitatively reproduces our measurements. Furthermore, we implement a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model and find that concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei can change substantially in response, that is, by up to 50 per cent in comparison with previously assumed growth rate parameterizations

Evaporation of sulfate aerosols at low relative humidity

Evaporation of sulfuric acid from particles can be important in the atmospheres of Earth and Venus. However, the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of H2SO4 to bisulfate ions, which is the one of the fundamental parameters controlling the evaporation of sulfur particles, is not well constrained. In this study we explore the volatility of sulfate particles at very low relative humidity. We measured the evaporation of sulfur particles versus temperature and relative humidity in the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We modelled the observed sulfur particle shrinkage with the ADCHAM model. Based on our model results, we conclude that the sulfur particle shrinkage is mainly governed by H2SO4 and potentially to some extent by SO3 evaporation. We found that the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of H2SO4 to HSO4-(KH2SO4) and the dehydration of H2SO4 to SO3 ((x) K-SO3) are K H2SO4 = 2-4 x 10(9) mol kg(-1) and (x) K SO3 >= 1.4 x 10(10) at 288.8 +/- 5 K.Peer reviewe

New particle formation in the sulfuric acid-dimethylamine-water system: reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements and comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model

A recent CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber study showed that sulfuric acid and dimethylamine produce new aerosols very efficiently and yield particle formation rates that are compatible with boundary layer observations. These previously published new particle formation (NPF) rates are reanalyzed in the present study with an advanced method. The results show that the NPF rates at 1.7 nm are more than a factor of 10 faster than previously published due to earlier approximations in correcting particle measurements made at a larger detection threshold. The revised NPF rates agree almost perfectly with calculated rates from a kinetic aerosol model at different sizes (1.7 and 4.3 nm mobility diameter). In addition, modeled and measured size distributions show good agreement over a wide range of sizes (up to ca. 30 nm). Furthermore, the aerosol model is modified such that evaporation rates for some clusters can be taken into account; these evaporation rates were previously published from a flow tube study. Using this model, the findings from the present study and the flow tube experiment can be brought into good agreement for the high base-to-acid ratios (similar to 100) relevant for this study. This confirms that nucleation proceeds at rates that are compatible with collision-controlled (a.k.a. kinetically controlled) NPF for the conditions during the CLOUD7 experiment (278 K, 38% relative humidity, sulfuric acid concentration between 1 x 10(6) and 3 x 10(7) cm(-3), and dimethylamine mixing ratio of similar to 40 pptv, i.e., 1 x 10(9) cm(-3)).Peer reviewe

Causes and importance of new particle formation in the present-day and pre-industrial atmospheres

New particle formation has been estimated to produce around half of cloud-forming particles in the present-day atmosphere, via gas-to-particle conversion. Here we assess the importance of new particle formation (NPF) for both the present-day and the pre-industrial atmospheres. We use a global aerosol model with parametrisations of NPF from previously published CLOUD chamber experiments involving sulphuric acid, ammonia, organic molecules and ions. We find that NPF produces around 67% of cloud condensation nuclei at 0.2% supersaturation (CCN0.2%) at the level of low clouds in the pre-industrial atmosphere (estimated uncertainty range 45-84%) and 54% in the present day (estimated uncertainty range 38-66%). Concerning causes, we find that the importance of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in NPF and CCN formation is greater than previously thought. Removing BVOCs and hence all secondary organic aerosol from our model reduces low-cloud-level CCN concentrations at 0.2% supersaturation by 26% in the present-day atmosphere and 41% in the pre-industrial. Around three-quarters of this reduction is due to the tiny fraction of the oxidation products of BVOCs that have sufficiently low volatility to be involved in NPF and early growth. Furthermore, we estimate that 40% of pre-industrial CCN0.2% are formed via ion-induced NPF, compared with 27% in the present-day, although we caution that the ion-induced fraction of NPF involving BVOCs is poorly measured at present. Our model suggests that the effect of changes in cosmic ray intensity on CCN is small and unlikely to be comparable to the effect of large variations in natural primary aerosol emissions

Hygroscopicity of Organic Aerosols and Their Contributions to CCN Concentrations Over a Midlatitude Forest in Japan

The formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) in forest environments is potentially important to cloud formation via changes of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of aerosols. In this study, the CCN activation of submicrometer aerosols and their chemical compositions and size distributions were measured at a midlatitude forest site in Japan during the summer of 2014 to assess the hygroscopicity of the organic aerosols and their contributions to the local CCN concentrations. The mean number concentrations of the condensation nuclei and CCN at supersaturation (SS) conditions of 0.11-0.80% were 1,238 and 166-740cm(-3), respectively. Organic aerosols and sulfate dominated the submicrometer aerosol mass concentrations. The particle hygroscopicity increased with increases in particle diameters. The hygroscopicity parameter for the organics, (org), was positively correlated with the atomic O to C ratio. The product of (org) and the volume fraction of OA was 0.12, accounting for 38% of the water uptake by aerosol particles. The hygroscopicity parameter of the locally formed fresh BSOA was estimated to be 0.09. The contribution of OA to the CCN number concentration, which was assessed by subtracting the CCN concentration of the hypothetical inorganic aerosols from that of the ambient aerosols, was 50-182cm(-3) for the SS range of 0.11-0.80%. The increase of the CCN number concentrations per 1-g/m(3) increase of the BSOA was 23-299cm(-3) at 0.11-0.80% SS. The contribution of the BSOA to the CCN number concentration can be enhanced by new particle formation. Plain Language Summary Some of the particles suspended in the atmosphere can absorb water vapors around them and act as nuclei to form cloud droplets. These particles are called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), the quantification of which is important for climate forcing prediction. The ability of a particle to absorb water is referred to as hygroscopicity, which is governed by the chemical composition. Volatile organic vapors emitted by vegetation (i.e., biogenic volatile organic compound) after chemical reactions in the atmosphere can either condense onto existing particles or participate in the formation of new particles and thus change the aerosol chemical composition. The aerosol component originated from biogenic volatile organic compounds, named biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), is an important constituent of CCN on a global scale. However, the hygroscopicity of BSOA and its contribution to CCN are not understood well. We performed measurements of the hygroscopicity and chemical composition of aerosol particles in a forest in Japan. Based on the observation, we calculated the hygroscopicity of the BSOA formed in the forest and quantified the contribution of the BSOA to the CCN number concentrations. An enhancement of the contribution of BSOA to the CCN number concentrations by new particle formation is suggested, which is an important subject of future studies.Peer reviewe

Phase transition observations and discrimination of small cloud particles by light polarization in expansion chamber experiments

Cloud microphysical processes involving the ice phase in tropospheric clouds are among the major uncertainties in cloud formation, weather, and general circulation models. The detection of aerosol particles, liquid droplets, and ice crystals, especially in the small cloud particle-size range below 50 μm, remains challenging in mixed phase, often unstable environments. The Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarization (CASPOL) is an airborne instrument that has the ability to detect such small cloud particles and measure the variability in polarization state of their backscattered light. Here we operate the versatile Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber facility at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to produce controlled mixed phase and other clouds by adiabatic expansions in an ultraclean environment, and use the CASPOL to discriminate between different aerosols, water, and ice particles. In this paper, optical property measurements of mixed-phase clouds and viscous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are presented. We report observations of significant liquid–viscous SOA particle polarization transitions under dry conditions using CASPOL. Cluster analysis techniques were subsequently used to classify different types of particles according to their polarization ratios during phase transition. A classification map is presented for water droplets, organic aerosol (e.g., SOA and oxalic acid), crystalline substances such as ammonium sulfate, and volcanic ash. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of this classification approach for atmospherically relevant concentrations and mixtures with respect to the CLOUD 8–9 campaigns and its potential contribution to tropical troposphere layer analysis