Checklist of orchid bees (hymenoptera: Apidae) of "Lago do Silêncio" area, Boca do Acre, Amazonas, Brazil

This study presents a list of euglossine-bee species collected in the Lago do Silêncio region, municipality of Boca do Acre, in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, southwestern Amazonia. Euglossine males were attracted to odoriferous baits on December 3 and 4, 2004. A total of 234 individuals belonging to four genera and 25 species were collected. Despite the small sampling effort, the local euglossine fauna is abundant and rich, when compared to those of other areas in the Brazilian Amazonia where higher sampling efforts were performed. Therefore, further studies in the region can be important for improving our knowledge of the bees in the Amazon region. © 2011 Check List and Authors

Interesse comportamental de machos suínos por diferentes tipos de enriquecimentos ambientais

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de machos suínos a partir da inserção de correntes e pneus como enriquecimento ambiental em confinamento. O estudo foi realizado na Universidade de São Paulo, em Pirassununga – SP, Brasil. Foram utilizados seis machos híbridos, de 12 a 30 meses. Foram inseridos correntes e pneus, individualmente. O comportamento e o tempo de interesse pelo enriquecimento foi obtido observando o momento em que o animal procurava pelo objeto inserido, com observações diretas, sem intervalos, de manhã e à tarde. Foram aferidas as temperaturas superficiais do corpo dos animais e ambientais, com obtenção da frequência respiratória no início e no final das observações. Foram realizadas colheitas de cortisol salivar, por meio de corda de algodão individualmente. Foi realizada análise de tipo de enriquecimento e idade por análise de qui-quadrado, correlação de Pearson entre o comportamento e temperatura de superfície corporal e teste-t para frequência respiratória e temperatura do ambiente. A idade dos cachaços não teve influência no comportamento de interesse (P>0,05). No total, 79,86% dos machos não apresentaram interesse pela corrente, no entanto, 61,11% dos machos apresentaram interesse pelo pneu. No ambiente controle, 91,67% dos animais permaneceram em ócio. A frequência respiratória encontrada foi maior a tarde (P<0,05). As dosagens séricas de cortisol, foram de 0,5 a 3,1 ng/mL, 0,5 a 0,9 ng/mL, 0,5 a 1,2 ng/mL e de 0,9 a 1,2 ng/mL.  Conclui-se que o enriquecimento ambiental nas instalações de suínos machos constitui-se como importante ferramenta, sendo o pneu o melhor método de entretenimento quando comparado ao uso de correntes

Avaliação da influência do ruído ambiental emitido por enriquecimento físico e suínos em práticas de rotina exercidas na fase de maternidade

The installation of fans and rooftop sprinklers in swine housing and management facilities can increase noise intensity and may impair workers' hearing health over longs periods of time; therefore, an assessment of the piglets’ stress during invasive practices was made. This study set out to evaluate the noise intensity emitted by environmental enrichment devices (fans and rooftop sprinklers) and by piglets restrained for body temperature assessments and its effect on animal welfare and on the hearing health of workers exposed to it for long periods. Twenty piglets ranging in age from five to twenty days were observed. The sow gestation area was divided into a cooled (fans and rooftop sprinklers) and uncooled area. Two decibel meters were used to measure noise intensity, one for the general noise in the facilities and the other for the piglets, with five-minute intervals between assessments. Digital thermometers were used to take the rectal temperature, and infrared thermometers were used to take the body surface temperature. Fixed-effects ANOVA for the housing environment and periods and multiple comparisons at a significance level of 5% were applied. The average dorsal temperature of the piglets was 36 °C ± 1.2 in the cooled area and 38.4 °C ± 0.5 in the uncooled area. In both periods, the average maximum noise intensity was over 100 decibels. In the afternoon, the maximum intensity was higher for the uncooled environment. The results indicate that neither the fans nor the rooftop sprinklers installed in the facilities nor the squealing piglets during restraint affect the noise intensity of the environment. However, the noise intensity demonstrates the piglets’ stress and the need for protective equipment to preserve the workers’ hearing health.A inserção de ventiladores e aspersores de água no telhado assim como o manejo de contenção de suínos podem aumentar a intensidade de ruídos dentro das instalações podendo, em longos exposições, prejudicar a saúde auditiva dos funcionários, permitindo a avaliação do estresse de leitões após práticas invasivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a intensidade do ruído emitido por enriquecimentos ambientais físicos (ventiladores e aspersores de água no telhado) e de leitões contidos para colheita da temperatura corporal e a influência dos ruídos emitidos na saúde auditiva de funcionários expostos por longos períodos e no bem-estar animal.  Vinte leitões machos e fêmeas foram utilizados, com idades entre cinco e 20 dias. A área de maternidade foi dividida em resfriada (ventiladores e aspersores de água no telhado) e área não resfriada. Para a análise da intensidade do ruído foram utilizados dois decibelímetros, sendo um para o ruído geral das instalações e um para os leitões, com cinco minutos de intervalo entre as análises. Para mensurar a temperatura retal foram utilizados termômetros digitais e para as temperaturas superficiais corporais termômetros infravermelhos. Utilizou-se ANOVA com efeito fixo de ambiente e período e comparação múltipla em 5%. A temperatura média do dorso dos leitões foi de 36 °C ± 1,2 na instalação refrigerada e 38,4 °C ± 0,5 no ambiente não refrigerado. Em ambos os períodos, a intensidade média máxima de ruído foi maior que 100 decibéis. No período da tarde, a intensidade máxima foi maior para o ambiente não refrigerado. Concluiu-se que os ventiladores e aspersores de água no telhado instalados no local não influenciaram a intensidade do ruído ambiental, assim como o grito emitido pelos leitões durante a contenção. No entanto, a alta intensidade do ruído emitido demonstra o estresse dos leitões e a necessidade de equipamentos de proteção pelos funcionários para manutenção da saúde auditiva

Open-aqueduct LOVA, LIAS, iNPH: a comparative clinical-radiological study exploring the "grey zone" between different forms of chronic adulthood hydrocephalus

The definition of chronic adult hydrocephalus encompasses different pathological entities with overlapping characteristics, including long-standing overt ventriculomegaly in adults (LOVA), late-onset idiopathic aqueductal stenosis (LIAS) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The aim of our study was to identify preoperative clinical and radiological features peculiar of these diseases providing some pathophysiology inferences on these forms of hydrocephalus

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Fauna of euglossina (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from southwestern Amazonia, Acre, Brazil

Male orchid bees were collected between December 2005 and September 2006 in 11 forest areas of different sizes in the region of Rio Branco, Acre, Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. The bees were attracted by 6 aromatic compounds and collected by insect nets and scent baited traps. A total of 3,675 males of Euglossina in 4 genera and 36 species were collected. Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) was the most common (24.6%), followed by Eulaema meriana (Olivier) (14.6%), Euglossa amazonica Dressler (10.5%), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (10.5%) and Eulaema pseudocingulata (Oliveira) (7.2%). Cineole was the scent that attracted the greatest number of individuals (23.8%) and methyl salicylate the greatest number of species (28) for both methods of sampling. Thirty one bees of 9 species with pollinar orchid attached to their bodies were collected. The accumulative number of species stabilized after the 48th collection. Few species were abundant; the great majority were represented by less than 50 bees. The lack of standardized sample protocols limited very much the conclusions derived from comparisons among the majority of studies on Euglossina assemblages. However, the results presented here suggest that the State of Acre is very rich in those bees compared to other regions.Machos de abelhas Euglossina foram coletados entre dezembro de 2005 e setembro de 2006 em 11 áreas florestais de diferentes tamanhos na região de Rio Branco, Acre, Amazônia Sul-Ocidental. As abelhas foram atraídas por 6 substâncias odoríferas e coletadas com rede entomológica e armadilhas. Um total de 3.675 machos de Euglossina pertencentes a 4 gêneros e 36 espécies foi coletado. Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) foi a espécie mais comum (24,6%), seguida por Eulaema meriana (Olivier) (14,6%), Euglossa amazonica Dressler (10,5%), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (10,5%) e Eulaema pseudocingulata (Oliveira) (7,2%). Cineol foi a substância que atraiu maior número de indivíduos (23,8%) e metil salicilato o maior número de espécies (28) para ambos os métodos de coleta. Foram coletados 31 indivíduos pertencentes a 9 espécies portando polinários. O número acumulado de espécies coletadas na região estabilizou a partir da 48ª coleta. Poucas espécies foram abundantes, a maioria representada por menos que 50 indivíduos. A falta de um protocolo amostral padronizado tem limitado comparações entre trabalhos realizados em diferentes regiões. Contudo, os resultados aqui apresentados indicam que o Acre apresenta elevada riqueza dessas abelhas

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost