Lifelong information-driven exploration to complete and refine 4-D spatio-temporal maps

This paper presents an exploration method that allows mobile robots to build and maintain spatio-temporal models of changing environments. The assumption of a perpetuallychanging world adds a temporal dimension to the exploration problem, making spatio-temporal exploration a never-ending, life-long learning process. We address the problem by application of information-theoretic exploration methods to spatio-temporal models that represent the uncertainty of environment states as probabilistic functions of time. This allows to predict the potential information gain to be obtained by observing a particular area at a given time, and consequently, to decide which locations to visit and the best times to go there. To validate the approach, a mobile robot was deployed continuously over 5 consecutive business days in a busy office environment. The results indicate that the robot’s ability to spot environmental changes i

Mapping the Hidden Diversity of the \u3cem\u3eGeophagus sensu stricto\u3c/em\u3e Species Group (Cichlidae: Geophagini) From the Amazon Basin

South American freshwater ichthyofauna is taxonomically the most diverse on the planet, yet its diversity is still vastly underestimated. The Amazon basin alone holds more than half of this diversity. The evidence of this underestimation comes from the backlog of morphologically distinct, yet undescribed forms deposited in museum collections, and from DNA-based inventories which consistently identify large numbers of divergent lineages within even well-studied species groups. In the present study, we investigated lineage diversity within the Geophagus sensu stricto species group. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed 337 individuals sampled from 77 locations within and outside the Amazon basin representing 10 nominal and six morphologically distinct but undescribed species. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and delimited lineages using four different single-locus species discovery methods (mPTP-15 lineages; LocMin-14 lineages; bGMYC-18 lineages; and GMYC-30 lineages). The six morphologically distinct but undescribed species were also delimited by the majority of the species discovery methods. Five of these lineages are restricted to a single collection site or a watershed and their habitats are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, agricultural activities and construction of hydroelectric plants. Our results also highlight the importance of combining DNA and morphological data in biodiversity assessment studies especially in taxonomically diverse tropical biotas

Divergent Effects of Metformin on an Inflammatory Model of Parkinson’s Disease

The oral antidiabetic drug metformin is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties through activation of AMP kinase, thus protecting various brain tissues as cortical neurons, for example. However, the effect of metformin on the substantia nigra (SN), the main structure affected in Parkinson’s disease (PD), has not yet been studied in depth. Inflammation is a key feature of PD and it may play a central role in the neurodegeneration that takes place in this disorder. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of metformin on the microglial activation of the SN of rats using the animal model of PD based on the injection of the pro-inflammogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to study the activation of microglia at both the cellular and molecular levels. Our results indicate that metformin overall inhibits microglia activation measured by OX-6 (MHCII marker), IKKβ (pro-inflammatory marker) and arginase (anti-inflammatory marker) immunoreactivity. In addition, qPCR experiments reveal that metformin treatment minimizes the expression levels of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, the drug decreases the phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as well as ROS generation through the inhibition of the NADPH oxidase enzyme. However, metformin treatment fails to protect the dopaminergic neurons of SN in response to intranigral LPS. These findings suggest that metformin could have both beneficial and harmful pharmacological effects and raise the question about the potential use of metformin for the prevention and treatment of PD.España MINECO SAF2015-64171-

Patients with multiple sclerosis do not necessarily consume more alcohol or tobacco than the general population

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Evidence of multiple paternal contribution in Podocnemis sextuberculata (Testudines: Podocnemididae) detected by microsatellite markers

Evidência de contribuição paterna múltipla em Podocnemis sextuberculata (Chelonia: Podocnemididae) por meio de marcadores microssatélites. Encontramos evidências de paternidade múltipla em uma amostra de 80 recém-eclodidos de sete ninhos de Podocnemis sextuberculata situados ao longo do rio Amazonas, no município de Barreirinha, AM, Brasil, e 54 indivíduos recém-eclodidos de cinco ninhos na Reserva Biológica Abufari, Tapauá, AM, Brasil. Como observado em outras espécies do gênero, P. sextuberculata apresentou comportamento poliândrico. Por meio da frequência alélica e variação em seis locos microssatélite para cada localidade, a ocorrência de paternidade múltipla em ninhos amostrados dessa espécie foi inferida, mesmo o genótipo da mãe sendo desconhecido. Para um dos ninhos, um mínimo de quatro machos contribuíram para a prole, enquanto que para quase todos os outros ninhos, pelo menos dois machos contribuíram. Apenas um dos 12 ninhos não mostrou evidência clara de contribuição de mais de um macho. Esta é a primeira evidência genética de paternidade múltipla em P. sextuberculata.Evidence of multiple paternity in Podocnemis sextuberculata (Testudines: Podocnemididae) detected by microsatellite markers. We found evidence of multiple paternity in a sample of 12 Podocnemis sextuberculata nests including seven nests (80 hatchlings) collected along the Amazonas River, in the municipality of Barreirinha, AM, Brazil and five nests in the Abufari Biological Reserve, Tapauá, AM, Brazil (54 hatchlings). As observed in other species of the genus, P. sextuberculata also presented polyandric behavior. By means of allelic frequency and variation in six microsatellite loci for each location, the occurrence of multiple paternity in sampled nests of this species was inferred, even though the maternal genotype was unknown. For one of the nests, a minimum of four males contributed to the clutch, whereas for nearly all remaining nests at least two males contributed. Only one of the twelve nests did not show clear evidence for contributions from more than one male. This is the first genetic evidence of multiple paternity in P. sextuberculat

O impacto da Lei Pelé nas negociações dos atletas do futebol brasileiro no período entre 2018 e 2019: uma análise com enfoque na Teoria dos Jogos

As transações de atletas de futebol no movimenta a economia brasileira com altas cifras. A norma que permite as negociações entre clubes e os atletas, muitas vezes representados por empresários são regulamentados pela Lei Federal n 9615/1998, (Lei Pelé) que formaliza o contrato de trabalho entre as partes, com clausulas que flexibilizam negociações futuras. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as interações das negociações de contratos, com base na Teoria dos Jogos. Para esta interação criou-se quatro análises condicionais: Negociação simultânea, sequencial, transação com o exterior e negociação em fim de carreira. Para o clube, será vantajoso renovar com o atleta com potencial e posteriormente vende-lo para o exterior. O atleta com potencial de mercado irá jogar no exterior, se a oferta de salário do clube estrangeiro for maior que do clube presente. E para o atleta em fim de carreira, o contrato dependerá do valor utilidade para o clube vinculado

A preliminary inventory of the catfishes of the lower Rio Nhamundá, Brazil (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes)

The Rio Nhamundá is a poorly-known clearwater river draining the southern Guiana Shield of Brazil. In this study we report the findings of a preliminary ichthyological survey, focusing on catfishes (Siluriformes). We identify a total of 36 species (31 genera, seven families) from the Nhamundá, including 11 species already recorded from the river. Overall, our survey results show that even rapid surveys can provide important information on Amazon fish biodiversity, suggesting potential new species, providing range extensions for nominal species, and additionally highlighting taxa in need of taxonomic revision and genetic study. As well as the traditional forms of data collected on biodiversity surveys (i.e. preserved specimen vouchers), our study also provides "new" types of data in the form of DNA barcodes and images of fishes exhibiting colouration in life, information that will be invaluable in future work addressing difficult groups. O Rio Nhamundá é um rio de água clara, pouco conhecido, que drena parte do Escudo das Guianas em território brasileiro. Nesse estudo, nós reportamos os resultados de um levantamento ictiofaunístico preliminar dessa área, tendo como foco os bagres (Siluriformes). Nós identificamos um total de 36 espécies (31 gêneros, sete famílias) provenientes de nossa coleta, e adicionamos 11 espécies já conhecidas para o rio. De maneira geral, os resultados de nossa pesquisa mostram que mesmo levantamentos rápidos podem gerar informações importantes sobre a biodiversidade de peixes amazônicos, sugerindo potenciais espécies novas, ampliando a área de distribuição de espécies, além de apontar a necessidade de revisões taxonômicas e estudos genéticos para alguns taxa. Para além das formas tradicionais de dados coletados em pesquisas de biodiversidade (i.e. espécimes preservados), nosso estudo fornece "novas" formas de dados, como DNA barcodes e imagens com o padrão de coloração dos espécimes vivos, informações essas que serão de valor inestimável para futuros estudos que abordem grupos taxonômicos difíceis. © Collins R et al

Divergent Effects of Metformin on an Inflammatory Model of Parkinson’s Disease

The oral antidiabetic drug metformin is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties through activation of AMP kinase, thus protecting various brain tissues as cortical neurons, for example. However, the effect of metformin on the substantia nigra (SN), the main structure affected in Parkinson’s disease (PD), has not yet been studied in depth. Inflammation is a key feature of PD and it may play a central role in the neurodegeneration that takes place in this disorder. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of metformin on the microglial activation of the SN of rats using the animal model of PD based on the injection of the pro-inflammogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to study the activation of microglia at both the cellular and molecular levels. Our results indicate that metformin overall inhibits microglia activation measured by OX-6 (MHCII marker), IKKβ (pro-inflammatory marker) and arginase (anti-inflammatory marker) immunoreactivity. In addition, qPCR experiments reveal that metformin treatment minimizes the expression levels of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, the drug decreases the phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as well as ROS generation through the inhibition of the NADPH oxidase enzyme. However, metformin treatment fails to protect the dopaminergic neurons of SN in response to intranigral LPS. These findings suggest that metformin could have both beneficial and harmful pharmacological effects and raise the question about the potential use of metformin for the prevention and treatment of PD