Climatic Controls on a Holocene Mercury Stable Isotope Sediment Record of Lake Titicaca

Mercury (Hg) records in sediment archives inform past patterns of Hg deposition and the anthropogenic contribution to global Hg cycling. Natural climate variations complicate the interpretation of past Hg accumulation rates (HgARs), warranting additional research. Here, we investigated Hg stable isotopes in a ca. 8k year-long sediment core of Lake Titicaca and combined isotopic data with organic biomarkers and biogeochemical measurements. A wet period in the early Holocene (8000-7300 BP) induced strong watershed erosion, leading to a high HgAR (20.2 ± 6.9 μg m -2 year -1 ), which exceeded the 20th century HgAR (8.4 ± 1.0 μg m -2 year -1 ). Geogenic Hg input dominated during the early Holocene ( f geog = 79%) and played a minor role during the mid- to late Holocene (4500 BP to present; f geog = 20%) when atmospheric Hg deposition dominated. Sediment Δ 200 Hg values and the absence of terrestrial lignin biomarkers suggest that direct lake uptake of atmospheric Hg(0), and subsequent algal scavenging of lake Hg, represented an important atmospheric deposition pathway (42%) during the mid- to late Holocene. During wet episodes of the late Holocene (2400 BP to present), atmospheric Hg(II) deposition was the dominant source of lake sediment Hg (up to 82%). Sediment Δ 199 Hg values suggest that photochemical reduction and re-emission of Hg(0) occurred from the lake surface. Hg stable isotopes show promise as proxies for understanding the history of Hg sources and transformations and help to disentangle anthropogenic and climate factors influencing HgAR observed in sediment archives

Holocene variations in Lake Titicaca water level and their implications for sociopolitical developments in the central Andes

Holocene climate in the high tropical Andes was characterized by both gradual and abrupt changes, which disrupted the hydrological cycle and impacted landscapes and societies. High-resolution paleoenvironmental records are essential to contextualize archaeological data and to evaluate the sociopolitical response of ancient societies to environmental variability. Middle-to-Late Holocene water levels in Lake Titicaca were reevaluated through a transfer function model based on measurements of organic carbon stable isotopes, combined with high-resolution profiles of other geochemical variables and paleoshoreline indicators. Our reconstruction indicates that following a prolonged low stand during the Middle Holocene (4000 to 2400 BCE), lake level rose rapidly ~15 m by 1800 BCE, and then increased another 3 to 6 m in a series of steps, attaining the highest values after ~1600 CE. The largest lake-level increases coincided with major sociopolitical changes reported by archaeologists. In particular, at the end of the Formative Period (500 CE), a major lake-level rise inundated large shoreline areas and forced populations to migrate to higher elevation, likely contributing to the emergence of the Tiwanaku culture

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Effects of antiplatelet therapy after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (RESTART): a randomised, open-label trial

Background: Antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of major vascular events for people with occlusive vascular disease, although it might increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. Patients surviving the commonest subtype of intracranial haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, are at risk of both haemorrhagic and occlusive vascular events, but whether antiplatelet therapy can be used safely is unclear. We aimed to estimate the relative and absolute effects of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage and whether this risk might exceed any reduction of occlusive vascular events. Methods: The REstart or STop Antithrombotics Randomised Trial (RESTART) was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint, parallel-group trial at 122 hospitals in the UK. We recruited adults (≥18 years) who were taking antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant) therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage, discontinued antithrombotic therapy, and survived for 24 h. Computerised randomisation incorporating minimisation allocated participants (1:1) to start or avoid antiplatelet therapy. We followed participants for the primary outcome (recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage) for up to 5 years. We analysed data from all randomised participants using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for minimisation covariates. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (number ISRCTN71907627). Findings: Between May 22, 2013, and May 31, 2018, 537 participants were recruited a median of 76 days (IQR 29–146) after intracerebral haemorrhage onset: 268 were assigned to start and 269 (one withdrew) to avoid antiplatelet therapy. Participants were followed for a median of 2·0 years (IQR [1·0– 3·0]; completeness 99·3%). 12 (4%) of 268 participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had recurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage compared with 23 (9%) of 268 participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 0·51 [95% CI 0·25–1·03]; p=0·060). 18 (7%) participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy experienced major haemorrhagic events compared with 25 (9%) participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (0·71 [0·39–1·30]; p=0·27), and 39 [15%] participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had major occlusive vascular events compared with 38 [14%] allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (1·02 [0·65–1·60]; p=0·92). Interpretation: These results exclude all but a very modest increase in the risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage with antiplatelet therapy for patients on antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage. The risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage is probably too small to exceed the established benefits of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention

Effects of antiplatelet therapy after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (RESTART): a randomised, open-label trial

Background: Antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of major vascular events for people with occlusive vascular disease, although it might increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. Patients surviving the commonest subtype of intracranial haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, are at risk of both haemorrhagic and occlusive vascular events, but whether antiplatelet therapy can be used safely is unclear. We aimed to estimate the relative and absolute effects of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage and whether this risk might exceed any reduction of occlusive vascular events. Methods: The REstart or STop Antithrombotics Randomised Trial (RESTART) was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint, parallel-group trial at 122 hospitals in the UK. We recruited adults (≥18 years) who were taking antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant) therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage, discontinued antithrombotic therapy, and survived for 24 h. Computerised randomisation incorporating minimisation allocated participants (1:1) to start or avoid antiplatelet therapy. We followed participants for the primary outcome (recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage) for up to 5 years. We analysed data from all randomised participants using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for minimisation covariates. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (number ISRCTN71907627). Findings: Between May 22, 2013, and May 31, 2018, 537 participants were recruited a median of 76 days (IQR 29–146) after intracerebral haemorrhage onset: 268 were assigned to start and 269 (one withdrew) to avoid antiplatelet therapy. Participants were followed for a median of 2·0 years (IQR [1·0– 3·0]; completeness 99·3%). 12 (4%) of 268 participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had recurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage compared with 23 (9%) of 268 participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 0·51 [95% CI 0·25–1·03]; p=0·060). 18 (7%) participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy experienced major haemorrhagic events compared with 25 (9%) participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (0·71 [0·39–1·30]; p=0·27), and 39 [15%] participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had major occlusive vascular events compared with 38 [14%] allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (1·02 [0·65–1·60]; p=0·92). Interpretation: These results exclude all but a very modest increase in the risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage with antiplatelet therapy for patients on antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage. The risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage is probably too small to exceed the established benefits of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention

Effects of antiplatelet therapy after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (RESTART): a randomised, open-label trial

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of major vascular events for people with occlusive vascular disease, although it might increase the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. Patients surviving the commonest subtype of intracranial haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, are at risk of both haemorrhagic and occlusive vascular events, but whether antiplatelet therapy can be used safely is unclear. We aimed to estimate the relative and absolute effects of antiplatelet therapy on recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage and whether this risk might exceed any reduction of occlusive vascular events. METHODS: The REstart or STop Antithrombotics Randomised Trial (RESTART) was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint, parallel-group trial at 122 hospitals in the UK. We recruited adults (≥18 years) who were taking antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant) therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage, discontinued antithrombotic therapy, and survived for 24 h. Computerised randomisation incorporating minimisation allocated participants (1:1) to start or avoid antiplatelet therapy. We followed participants for the primary outcome (recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage) for up to 5 years. We analysed data from all randomised participants using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for minimisation covariates. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (number ISRCTN71907627). FINDINGS: Between May 22, 2013, and May 31, 2018, 537 participants were recruited a median of 76 days (IQR 29-146) after intracerebral haemorrhage onset: 268 were assigned to start and 269 (one withdrew) to avoid antiplatelet therapy. Participants were followed for a median of 2·0 years (IQR [1·0- 3·0]; completeness 99·3%). 12 (4%) of 268 participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had recurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage compared with 23 (9%) of 268 participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 0·51 [95% CI 0·25-1·03]; p=0·060). 18 (7%) participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy experienced major haemorrhagic events compared with 25 (9%) participants allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (0·71 [0·39-1·30]; p=0·27), and 39 [15%] participants allocated to antiplatelet therapy had major occlusive vascular events compared with 38 [14%] allocated to avoid antiplatelet therapy (1·02 [0·65-1·60]; p=0·92). INTERPRETATION: These results exclude all but a very modest increase in the risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage with antiplatelet therapy for patients on antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of occlusive vascular disease when they developed intracerebral haemorrhage. The risk of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage is probably too small to exceed the established benefits of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation

Selenium speciation and mobility at trace level in soils : contribution to long term risk assessment

Les analyses de sûreté du stockage des déchets radioactifs HAVL nécessite une évaluation à long terme (≈ 10 000 ans) des risques, pour l’homme et l’environnement, associés à une contamination des sols par le sélénium. Une méthodologie a donc été développée pour déterminer les espèces séléniées (spéciation) présentes à l’état de traces dans les sols (μg kg-1 ; contexte radiologique) et estimer, leur capacité à être lessivées et leurs phases de rétention. Combinée à l’utilisation du traceur 77Se(IV), l’existence de processus lents impliqués dans la rétention et la transformation chimique de Se dans les sols a été mise en évidence, suggérant l’étude de Se natif pour estimer et modéliser sa mobilité à long terme. L’investigation de Se natif dans 29 sols aux caractéristiques contrastées a montré l’influence de la matière organique sur la nature des espèces susceptibles d’être lessivées (organique et colloïdale) et sur sa mobilité (stabilisation de Se dans la phase solide via les associations organo-minérales).A radioactive isotope of selenium was shown to be among the most critical radionuclide forsafety assessment of high level and long lived nuclear waste repository in case of hypotheticalsoil contamination. A methodology was thus developed to determine Se species (speciation)present in soils at trace level (μg kg-1; radiological context) in assessing their leaching andretention phases (distribution). Combined to a 77Se(IV) tracer, kinetically limited processes were shown to be involved in Se retention and chemical transformations in soils, suggesting that native Se behavior is particularly relevant for its long term mobility assessment and modeling. The investigation of native Se speciation and distribution in 29 soils has finally highlighted that soil organic matter impact the nature of Se species susceptible to be leached (organic and colloidal compounds) and the Se mobility (Se stabilization in solid phase via organo-mineral associations)

Spéciation et mobilité du sélénium présent dans les sols à l'état de traces (contribution aux prévisions à long terme)

Les analyses de sûreté du stockage des déchets radioactifs HAVL nécessite une évaluation à long terme ( 10 000 ans) des risques, pour l homme et l environnement, associés à une contamination des sols par le sélénium. Une méthodologie a donc été développée pour déterminer les espèces séléniées (spéciation) présentes à l état de traces dans les sols ( g kg-1 ; contexte radiologique) et estimer, leur capacité à être lessivées et leurs phases de rétention. Combinée à l utilisation du traceur 77Se(IV), l existence de processus lents impliqués dans la rétention et la transformation chimique de Se dans les sols a été mise en évidence, suggérant l étude de Se natif pour estimer et modéliser sa mobilité à long terme. L investigation de Se natif dans 29 sols aux caractéristiques contrastées a montré l influence de la matière organique sur la nature des espèces susceptibles d être lessivées (organique et colloïdale) et sur sa mobilité (stabilisation de Se dans la phase solide via les associations organo-minérales).A radioactive isotope of selenium was shown to be among the most critical radionuclide forsafety assessment of high level and long lived nuclear waste repository in case of hypotheticalsoil contamination. A methodology was thus developed to determine Se species (speciation)present in soils at trace level ( g kg-1; radiological context) in assessing their leaching andretention phases (distribution). Combined to a 77Se(IV) tracer, kinetically limited processes were shown to be involved in Se retention and chemical transformations in soils, suggesting that native Se behavior is particularly relevant for its long term mobility assessment and modeling. The investigation of native Se speciation and distribution in 29 soils has finally highlighted that soil organic matter impact the nature of Se species susceptible to be leached (organic and colloidal compounds) and the Se mobility (Se stabilization in solid phase via organo-mineral associations).PAU-BU Sciences (644452103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Holocene reconstruction of Hg deposition in the central Andes: respective contribution of climate change, volcanism and anthropogenic activities

International audienc

Sensitive analysis of selenium speciation in natural seawater by isotope-dilution and large volume injection using PTV-GC-ICP-MS

Although oceans play a key role in the global selenium (Se) cycle, there is currently very little quantitative information available on the distribution of Se concentrations and Se speciation in marine environments. In general, determining Se concentration and speciation in seawater is highly challenging due to very low Se levels ((sub)ng⋅L−1), whereas matrix elements interfering Se pre-concentration and detection are up to the g⋅L−1 levels. In this study, we established a sensitive method for the determination of the various Se chemical fractions present in natural seawater, i.e. selenite (SeIV), selenate (SeVI), organic Se-II + Se0 and total Se, using species-specific isotope dilution gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-GC-ICP-MS). We compared different derivatization reagents and optimized specific pre-treatment protocols, including a microwave assisted oxidation protocol for the determination of total Se and organic Se-II + Se0 using H2O2. To increase sensitivity, we developed an online pre-concentration method based on large volume injection (LVI) using a programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet. Eventually, the developed method achieved low absolute and methodological detection limits, i.e., respectively, 0.1–0.3 pg and 0.9–3.1 ng.L-1 for the different fractions. The accuracy of our method was of 2% for a certified reference material (CRM) diluted in artificial seawater while the precision was better than 4% for a freshwater CRM in artificial seawater matrix as well as two common seawater CRMs certified for trace elements excluding Se. As a proof-of-concept, we quantified the various Se fractions in a large number of natural water samples from the Baltic and North Seas, encompassing a wide range of salinity (7–35 psu), which shows that its detection limits are sufficient to determine total Se, SeIV, SeVI and organic Se-II + Se0 concentrations in brackish and marine systems.ISSN:0003-2670ISSN:1873-432