ifo Konjunkturprognose 2011: Aufschwung setzt sich verlangsamt fort

Am 14. Dezember 2010 stellte das ifo Institut im Rahmen seines vorweihnachtlichen Pressegesprächs seine Prognose für die Jahre 2010 und 2011 vor. Die deutsche Wirtschaft hat ihren vor mehr als einem Jahr begonnenen Aufholprozess mit hoher Dynamik fortgesetzt. Nachdem die Impulse dafür zunächst aus dem Ausland gekommen waren, gewann die Binnenwirtschaft in den vergangenen drei Quartalen mehr und mehr an Bedeutung. Besonders wichtig war dafür der Investitionsanreiz, der aus einem historisch niedrigen Zinsniveau resultierte. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion, getrieben vom kräftig expandierenden industriellen Kern, dürfte im Jahresendquartal 2010 saison- und kalenderbereinigt leicht beschleunigt um 0,8% zugenommen haben. Im Jahresdurchschnitt 2010 expandiert das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt damit um 3,7%. Im kommenden Jahr bleiben die Konjunkturampeln in Deutschland auf Grün, das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte - bei einem 67%-Unsicherheitsintervall von 1,4 bis 3,4% - um 2,4% steigen. Entscheidend hierfür wird voraussichtlich die Entwicklung der heimischen Nachfrage sein. Bei alledem ist zu erwarten, dass sich die Beschäftigungssituation weiter verbessert. Nachdem die Unternehmen des verarbeitenden Gewerbes in diesem Jahr überwiegend Leiharbeiter eingestellt haben, dürften im kommenden Jahr auch die Stammbelegschaften ausgeweitet werden. Auch werden wohl wieder vermehrt sozialversicherungspflichtige Vollzeitstellen geschaffen. Die Arbeitslosenquote dürfte auf 7,0% sinken. Im Gefolge des Aufschwungs werden die Verbraucherpreise etwas anziehen, mit voraussichtlich 1,7% wird die Inflationsrate aber unter dem Preisziel der EZB bleiben. Das staatliche Budgetdefizit, das im laufenden Jahr in Relation zum nominalen Bruttoinlandsprodukt 3,5% beträgt, wird im nächsten Jahr aufgrund der anhaltend guten Konjunktur, der Konsolidierungsmaßnahmen im Rahmen des Zukunftspakets und der Sparmaßnahmen in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung auf 2,3% sinken

ifo Konjunkturprognose 2011: Aufschwung setzt sich verlangsamt fort

Am 14. Dezember 2010 stellte das ifo Institut im Rahmen seines vorweihnachtlichen Pressegesprächs seine Prognose für die Jahre 2010 und 2011 vor. Die deutsche Wirtschaft hat ihren vor mehr als einem Jahr begonnenen Aufholprozess mit hoher Dynamik fortgesetzt. Nachdem die Impulse dafür zunächst aus dem Ausland gekommen waren, gewann die Binnenwirtschaft in den vergangenen drei Quartalen mehr und mehr an Bedeutung. Besonders wichtig war dafür der Investitionsanreiz, der aus einem historisch niedrigen Zinsniveau resultierte. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion, getrieben vom kräftig expandierenden industriellen Kern, dürfte im Jahresendquartal 2010 saison- und kalenderbereinigt leicht beschleunigt um 0,8% zugenommen haben. Im Jahresdurchschnitt 2010 expandiert das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt damit um 3,7%. Im kommenden Jahr bleiben die Konjunkturampeln in Deutschland auf Grün, das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte - bei einem 67%-Unsicherheitsintervall von 1,4 bis 3,4% - um 2,4% steigen. Entscheidend hierfür wird voraussichtlich die Entwicklung der heimischen Nachfrage sein. Bei alledem ist zu erwarten, dass sich die Beschäftigungssituation weiter verbessert. Nachdem die Unternehmen des verarbeitenden Gewerbes in diesem Jahr überwiegend Leiharbeiter eingestellt haben, dürften im kommenden Jahr auch die Stammbelegschaften ausgeweitet werden. Auch werden wohl wieder vermehrt sozialversicherungspflichtige Vollzeitstellen geschaffen. Die Arbeitslosenquote dürfte auf 7,0% sinken. Im Gefolge des Aufschwungs werden die Verbraucherpreise etwas anziehen, mit voraussichtlich 1,7% wird die Inflationsrate aber unter dem Preisziel der EZB bleiben. Das staatliche Budgetdefizit, das im laufenden Jahr in Relation zum nominalen Bruttoinlandsprodukt 3,5% beträgt, wird im nächsten Jahr aufgrund der anhaltend guten Konjunktur, der Konsolidierungsmaßnahmen im Rahmen des Zukunftspakets und der Sparmaßnahmen in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung auf 2,3% sinken.

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Proxy Measures of Fitness Suggest Coastal Fish Farms Can Act as Population Sources and Not Ecological Traps for Wild Gadoid Fish

Background: Ecological traps form when artificial structures are added to natural habitats and induce mismatches between habitat preferences and fitness consequences. Their existence in terrestrial systems has been documented, yet little evidence suggests they occur in marine environments. Coastal fish farms are widespread artificial structures in coastal ecosystems and are highly attractive to wild fish. Methodology/Principal Findings: To investigate if coastal salmon farms act as ecological traps for wild Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens), we compared proxy measures of fitness between farm-associated fish and control fish caught distant from farms in nine locations throughout coastal Norway, the largest coastal fish farming industry in the world. Farms modified wild fish diets in both quality and quantity, thereby providing farm-associated wild fish with a strong trophic subsidy. This translated to greater somatic (saithe: 1.06–1.12 times; cod: 1.06–1.11 times) and liver condition indices (saithe: 1.4–1.8 times; cod: 2.0–2.8 times) than control fish caught distant from farms. Parasite loads of farm-associated wild fish were modified from control fish, with increased external and decreased internal parasites, however the strong effect of the trophic subsidy overrode any effects of altered loads upon condition. Conclusions and Significance: Proxy measures of fitness provided no evidence that salmon farms function as ecological traps for wild fish. We suggest fish farms may act as population sources for wild fish, provided they are protected from fishing while resident at farms to allow their increased condition to manifest as greater reproductive output.Funding was provided by the Norwegian Research Council Havet og kysten program to the CoastACE project (no: 173384)

Assessing the ability of rural agrarian areas to provide Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES): a Multi Scale Social Indicator Framework (MSIF)

Assessing the ways in which rural agrarian areas provide Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) is proving difficult to achieve. This research has developed an innovative methodological approach named as Multi Scale Indicator Framework (MSIF) for capturing the CES embedded into the rural agrarian areas. This framework reconciles a literature review with a trans-disciplinary participatory workshop. Both of these sources reveal that societal preferences diverge upon judgemental criteria which in turn relate to different visual concepts that can be drawn from analysing attributes, elements, features and characteristics of rural areas. We contend that it is now possible to list a group of possible multi scale indicators for stewardship, diversity and aesthetics. These results might also be of use for improving any existing European indicators frameworks by also including CES. This research carries major implications for policy at different levels of governance, as it makes possible to target and monitor policy instruments to the physical rural settings so that cultural dimensions are adequately considered. There is still work to be developed on regional specific values and thresholds for each criteria and its indicator set. In practical terms, by developing the conceptual design within a common framework as described in this paper, a considerable step forward towards the inclusion of the cultural dimension in European wide assessments can be made