EVALUATION OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BOTTOM ASH: A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) to thermochemical treatments promotes the formation of ashes as a by-product, which constitutes an important role in the design and operation of energy recovery plants, as the ash can cause corrosion and fouling problems. In this sense, this work analyzed samples of bottom ashes from combustible fractions (organic matter, plastics, textiles, paper/cardboard/Tetra Pak® and sanitary waste) of MSW in natura from Santo André – SP, Brazil. For this, a new methodology for sample preparation was proposed to evaluate the elemental composition of the bottom ashes, for later analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The obtained data showed a standard deviation of less than 10%, guaranteeing a greater reliability of the results and corroborating with standard deviations presented in the scientific literature. In addition, the elemental composition of the bottom ash was similar between the different combustible fractions evaluated. Keywords: MSW, Combustible fractions, SEM-EDS

Agricultura e desenvolvimento rural sustentável: desafios da cooperação técnica internacional

A presente iniciativa buscou reunir uma gama de temas gerais que fossem importantes para toda e qualquer área temática da cooperação internacional, sem se esquecer de dedicar uma parte á agricultura, tema central da ação do IICA. A Parte II, com foco na cooperação voltada á agricultura e ao desenvolvimento rural, compõe-se de quatro capítulos. Os dois primeiros capítulos, oitavo e nono, tratam do desempenho da agricultura que se pratica no mundo e no Brasil, deixando registrada a importância do quadro traçado como uma base factual que deve ser tomada como referência Mpara o estabelecimento de novos processos, desenhos e procedimentos da cooperação técnica para o setor. Já o décimo capítulo faz o registro de uma experiência exitosa do Brasil e da -frica no campo da cooperação Sul-Sul, liderada, do lado brasileiro, pela Embrapa, e, do lado da -frica, por Senegal, Moçambique, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chade, Mali, Togo, Tanzânia, Burundi e Quênia. Trata-se de uma experiencia que vem sendo construída ao longo dos últimos anos, com recuos e avanéos, como é próprio do entendimento mútuo entre países, mas que, ao final, tem se revelado exitosa para ambas as partes. transformações profundas. A Parte III, que encerra o livro, reúne a experiência de dois conhecidos profissionais da cooperação brasileira, historicamente resumida por eles, que a usam para indicar novas posturas condizentes com o grau de complexidade alcanéado pelo Brasil nesse campo de atividade internacional

Evaluation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a First-Line Typing Tool for the Identification of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Outbreaks in the Hospital Setting

Early detection of pathogen cross-transmission events and environmental reservoirs is needed to control derived nosocomial outbreaks. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is considered the gold standard for outbreak confirmation, but, in most cases, it is time-consuming and has elevated costs. Consequently, the timely incorporation of WGS results to conventional epidemiology (CE) investigations for rapid outbreak detection is scarce. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a rapid technique that establishes similarity among bacteria based on the comparison of infrared light absorption patterns of bacterial polysaccharides and has been used as a typing tool in recent studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the FTIR as a first-line typing tool for the identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp) outbreaks in the hospital setting in comparison with CE investigations using WGS as the gold standard method. Sixty-three isolates of ESBL-Kp collected from 2018 to 2021 and classified according to CE were typed by both FTIR and WGS. Concordance was measured using the Adjusted Rand index (AR) and the Adjusted Wallace coefficient (AW) for both CE and FTIR clustering considering WGS as the reference method. Both AR and AW were significantly higher for FTIR clustering than CE clustering (0.475 vs. 0.134, p = 0.01, and 0.521 vs. 0.134, p = 0.009, respectively). Accordingly, FTIR inferred more true clustering relationships than CE (38/42 vs. 24/42, p = 0.001). However, a similar proportion of genomic singletons was detected by both FTIR and CE (13/21 vs. 12/21, p = 1). This study demonstrates the utility of the FTIR method as a quick, low-cost, first-line tool for the detection of ESBL-Kp outbreaks, while WGS analyses are being performed for outbreak confirmation and isolate characterization. Thus, clinical microbiology laboratories would benefit from integrating the FTIR method into CE investigations for infection control measures in the hospital setting.We thank the Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Translational Genomics Core Facility and staff for their contribution to this publication. We also thank CERCA Programme/Government of Catalonia for their support to the IGTP.S

Evaluation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a First-Line Typing Tool for the Identification of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Outbreaks in the Hospital Setting

Early detection of pathogen cross-transmission events and environmental reservoirs is needed to control derived nosocomial outbreaks. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is considered the gold standard for outbreak confirmation, but, in most cases, it is time-consuming and has elevated costs. Consequently, the timely incorporation of WGS results to conventional epidemiology (CE) investigations for rapid outbreak detection is scarce. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a rapid technique that establishes similarity among bacteria based on the comparison of infrared light absorption patterns of bacterial polysaccharides and has been used as a typing tool in recent studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the FTIR as a first-line typing tool for the identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp) outbreaks in the hospital setting in comparison with CE investigations using WGS as the gold standard method. Sixty-three isolates of ESBL-Kp collected from 2018 to 2021 and classified according to CE were typed by both FTIR and WGS. Concordance was measured using the Adjusted Rand index (AR) and the Adjusted Wallace coefficient (AW) for both CE and FTIR clustering considering WGS as the reference method. Both AR and AW were significantly higher for FTIR clustering than CE clustering (0.475 vs. 0.134, p = 0.01, and 0.521 vs. 0.134, p = 0.009, respectively). Accordingly, FTIR inferred more true clustering relationships than CE (38/42 vs. 24/42, p = 0.001). However, a similar proportion of genomic singletons was detected by both FTIR and CE (13/21 vs. 12/21, p = 1). This study demonstrates the utility of the FTIR method as a quick, low-cost, first-line tool for the detection of ESBL-Kp outbreaks, while WGS analyses are being performed for outbreak confirmation and isolate characterization. Thus, clinical microbiology laboratories would benefit from integrating the FTIR method into CE investigations for infection control measures in the hospital setting

May Measurement Month 2018: a pragmatic global screening campaign to raise awareness of blood pressure by the International Society of Hypertension

Aims Raised blood pressure (BP) is the biggest contributor to mortality and disease burden worldwide and fewer than half of those with hypertension are aware of it. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global campaign set up in 2017, to raise awareness of high BP and as a pragmatic solution to a lack of formal screening worldwide. The 2018 campaign was expanded, aiming to include more participants and countries. Methods and results Eighty-nine countries participated in MMM 2018. Volunteers (≥18 years) were recruited through opportunistic sampling at a variety of screening sites. Each participant had three BP measurements and completed a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. In total, 74.9% of screenees provided three BP readings. Multiple imputation using chained equations was used to impute missing readings. 1 504 963 individuals (mean age 45.3 years; 52.4% female) were screened. After multiple imputation, 502 079 (33.4%) individuals had hypertension, of whom 59.5% were aware of their diagnosis and 55.3% were taking antihypertensive medication. Of those on medication, 60.0% were controlled and of all hypertensives, 33.2% were controlled. We detected 224 285 individuals with untreated hypertension and 111 214 individuals with inadequately treated (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) hypertension. Conclusion May Measurement Month expanded significantly compared with 2017, including more participants in more countries. The campaign identified over 335 000 adults with untreated or inadequately treated hypertension. In the absence of systematic screening programmes, MMM was effective at raising awareness at least among these individuals at risk

Campaña publicitaria para el posicionamiento de Alfa Romeo

El Tratado del Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá entró en vigor en 1994. El objetivo común de estos tres países en las negociaciones fue el aumentar la eficiencia y competitividad de Norte América en su conjunto, a través de la complementación de los procesos productivos y el aumento del comercio y la inversión en la región para optimizar sus escalas de producción, y lograr la especialización eficiente para competir en los mercados internacionales. El Sector automotriz fue uno de los sectores más sensibles en la negociación del TLCAN, debido a su importancia y efecto multiplicador en las economías de los tres países firmantes. El Sector Automotriz se insertó rápidamente a la dinámica del proceso de liberación comercial, debido a su profunda integración de los procesos de globalización. El Sector Automotriz abarca solo los temas relacionados al flujo comercial de los tres países; los impuestos locales en México, los impuestos sobre automóviles nuevos (ISAN), impuesto al valor agregado y el impuesto sobre la tenencia y uso de vehículos no fueron tema de negociación. Es decir que a partir del 1ro de Enero del 2004 se empezará a vivir el incremento de la industria automotriz ya que desaparecerán las restricciones de importación de vehículos y por tal razón es de suma importancia el posicionar bien las marcas en el mercado. En este caso se deberá posicionar de la mejor manera posible la marca Alfa Romeo, perteneciente a la Agencia Automotriz Scuderia Mondiale S.A de C.V, para poder permanecer en el mercado mexicano. El objetivo general de este tema de tesis, es el crear una Campaña Publicitaria con plataformas de alto impacto, para así lograr el posicionamiento de la marca Alfa Romeo en el mercado mexicano. Se hablará de varias herramientas, y conceptos básicos de Mercadotecnia, así como de tres modelos citados por diferentes autores , tomando en cuenta sólo uno de ellos para desarrollar de la mejor manera posible la campaña publicitaria para la marca Alfa Romeo. Se analizó el sector automotriz, también se encuestaron a personas relacionadas con la industria automotriz, como empresarios, y sobre todo al Club rotarios de Puebla, para poder tener una mejor visión y de esta manera utilizar toda la información en un futuro. Todas las preguntas fueron graficadas, obteniendo mas de 50 graficas de acuerdo al posicionamiento de las marcas de lujo de México

Riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en pacientes que acuden a la Clínica La Luz en Breña, Lima-2021

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en pacientes que acuden a la Clínica La Luz en Breña, Lima-2021. Materiales y métodos: El enfoque fue cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo y transversal. La población fueron 127 pacientes. La técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento el test FINDRISC. Resultados: El riesgo de diabetes tipo 2, predomino el riesgo bajo con 47,2%, seguido del riesgo alto con 18,1%, riesgo moderado con 15,7%, riesgo ligeramente elevado con 15,1% y riesgo muy alto con 3,9%. En edad del participante predominaron menores de 45 años (70,9%), en el IMC, predominaron de 25 a 30 kg/m2 (45,7%). En perímetro abdominal, predominaron de 94 a 102 cm varones o de 80 a 88 cm en mujeres (58,3%), en actividad física, predominaron los que no realizan ejercicio (57,5%), en consumo de verduras/frutas, la mayoría no consumen diariamente (79,5%), en toma medicamentos para presión arterial, predominaron los que no toman (75,6%), en valores de glucosa altos, predominaron los que señalaron que no (71,7%) y en antecedentes de diabetes mellitus, predominaron lo que no tienen (44,9%). Conclusiones: El riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en su mayoría fue bajo, seguido del alto, moderado, ligeramente elevado y muy alto

Abschlussbericht des Projekts zur Innovation und Verbesserung der Lehrqualität 65/2021

Se ofrecen los resultados del proyecto de innovación y mejora de la calidad docente 65/2021 sobre La enseñanza de los conceptos políticos y sociales: diseño de estrategias metodológicas en abierto para favorecer el ejercicio responsable de la ciudadanía en estudiantes de Magisterio y del Máster en Formación del Profesorado de Gª e Historia.The results of the project for innovation and improvement of teaching quality 65/2021 on the teaching of political and social concepts: design of open methodological strategies are offered to favor the responsible exercise of citizenship in students of Teaching and the Master in Teacher Training of Gª and History.Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y MatemáticasFac. de EducaciónFALSEsubmitte