Toxicidade oral de inseticidas derivados do NIM sobre a abelha africanizada Apis Mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) / Oral toxicity of neem derived insecticides on the africanized bee Apis Mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

O estudo da toxicidade de inseticidas sobre a abelha Apis mellifera fornece subsídios para a preservação desse polinizador em áreas agrícolas. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade oral de inseticidas derivados do nim (Azadirachta indica) sobre A. mellifera em condições de laboratório. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por oito tratamentos [Testemunha absoluta: água destilada; Testemunha positiva: Inseticida Tiametoxam; duas doses do óleo comercial de nim (150 ml/100 L e 200 ml/100 L); duas doses do extrato aquoso de folhas de nim (5 g/100 ml e 10 g/100 ml); e duas doses do extrato aquoso de sementes de nim (5 g/100 ml e 10 g/100 ml)] e 10 repetições.Os inseticidas a base de nim (extratos aquosos e óleo comercial) ocasionaram mortalidade entre 12,9% e 25,9% sobre as abelhas, demonstrando baixa toxicidade a A. mellifera quando comparados com testemunha positiva (Inseticida Tiametoxam), que ocasionou 100% de mortalidade. No entanto, ocorreu uma alteração no comportamento das abelhas após o início da ingestão de dieta contaminada com os inseticidas derivados do nim, havendo uma redução na procura pela dieta artificial, especialmente nas duas doses do óleo comercial. Todos os tratamentos com inseticidas a base de nim apresentaram Tempo Letal Mediano (TL50) superiores a testemunha positiva. O óleo comercial de nim, independente da dose, apresentou TL50 de 86,22 horas, enquanto os extratos aquosos de semente e folhas de nim, independente da dose, proporcionaram um TL50 de 103,75 horas

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with 26% of all species being includedin the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associatedwith habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mam-mals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion formarine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems func-tionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is cru-cial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS INPORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublishedgeoreferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mam-mals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira thatincludes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occur-ring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live obser-vations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%),bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent lessthan 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrowsjsoil moundsjtunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animaljhairjskullsjjaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8),observation in shelters, (9) photo trappingjvideo, (10) predators dietjpelletsjpine cones/nuts, (11) scatjtrackjditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalizationjecholocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followedby Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496),Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data setincludes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened(e.g.,Oryctolagus cuniculus[n=12,159],Monachus monachus[n=1,512],andLynx pardinus[n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate thepublication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contrib-ute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting onthe development of more accurate and tailored conservation managementstrategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite thisdata paper when the data are used in publications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mammals in Portugal: a data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in Portugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with ~26% of all species being included in the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associated with habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mammals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion for marine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems functionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is crucial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublished georeferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mammals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that includes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occurring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live observations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%), bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent less than 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrows | soil mounds | tunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animal | hair | skulls | jaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8), observation in shelters, (9) photo trapping | video, (10) predators diet | pellets | pine cones/nuts, (11) scat | track | ditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalization | echolocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and 100 m (76%). Rodentia (n =31,573) has the highest number of records followed by Chiroptera (n = 18,857), Carnivora (n = 18,594), Lagomorpha (n = 17,496), Cetartiodactyla (n = 11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n = 7008). The data set includes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened (e.g., Oryctolagus cuniculus [n = 12,159], Monachus monachus [n = 1,512], and Lynx pardinus [n = 197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate the publication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contribute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting on the development of more accurate and tailored conservation management strategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular e ácidos húmicos e alterações em algumas propriedades físicas e químicas de Latossolos, Plintossolo e Neossolo Quartzarênico

Os ácidos orgânicos provenientes da decomposição da matéria orgânica, da exsudação radicular e do metabolismo de microrganismos, possuem importante papel na melhoria das condições físicas e químicas do solo. Entretanto, sua eficiência está relacionada à qualidade e à forma dos ácidos orgânicos e à sua interação com colóides do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos ácidos orgânicos de alto e baixo peso molecular na alteração de propriedades físicas e químicas de solos, foram coletados materiais de horizontes B de quatro Latossolos e um Plintossolo, e C de Neossolo Quartzarênico. Para isso, foram utilizadas doses de ácidos cítricos e oxálicos de 0, 1, 3, 9 e 18 mmol L-1; e para os ácidos húmicos, doses de 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 10,0 g kg-1, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado seguindo um esquema fatorial de 6 x 3 x 5 (solo, ácido e dose), com três repetições. As doses utilizadas foram de 0, 1, 3, 9 e 18 mmol L-1 para os ácidos cítrico e oxálico e, para os ácidos húmicos, de 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; e 10,0 g kg-1. As unidades experimentais foram compostas de 25 cm³ de TFSA, colocadas em cilindros de PVC (2,0 cm de altura por 4,0 cm de diâmetro). Estas foram mantidas em câmaras isotérmicas a 30 °C e submetidas a ciclos de umedecimento e secagem de três dias, por sete ciclos. Ao final do experimento foram determinados o teor de argila dispersa em água, a resistência à penetração e os teores de Fe e Al por oxalato ácido de amônio. Os resultados mostraram que o conteúdo de argila dispersa variou com o tipo e dose dos ácidos orgânicos, textura e mineralogia dos solos, indicando que aqueles goethíticos apresentaram maior resistência à dispersão que os hematíticos, e estes, por sua vez, maior resistência que os gibbsíticos. Com relação aos ácidos, foi observado que os de cadeia curta promoveram maior dispersão e resistência à penetração que os ácidos de cadeia longa, podendo-se estabelecer a seguinte ordem, de acordo com seu efeito: ácido cítrico > ácido oxálico > ácidos húmicos. O conteúdo de argila dispersa em água mostrou ser o principal fator responsável pelo aumento da resistência à penetração