A formação continuada de professores dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental no contexto do encontro e das trocas intergeracionais

This study is based on a Master’s research in progress that aims to analyze that formative relationships are established between beginning young teachers, recently graduated or with a maximum of five years of teaching experience - and experienced teachers - aged forty years or more and about fifteen or more years of teaching, within an elementary school (early years), conceived as a training space. It has been hypothesized that these groups conduct exchanges and intergenerational transmissions, and from them add knowledge and values to their academic, professional and personal education as they have distinct generational belongings and made their initial training for teaching at different times and spaces, supported by different versions of the Law of guidelines and bases for national education. It should be considered that the presence of different generation teachers in the same school environment, may enable experience sharing moments and analysis of school everyday problems from different points, fruit of subjects with historical background, social and professional distinct. In this way, the relationship of these teachers in a complex context as the school may raise attitudes of solidarity, mutual growth and cooperation.This study is based on a Master’s research in progress thataims to analyze that formative relationships are established betweenbeginning young teachers, recently graduated or with a maximum of fiveyears of teaching experience - and experienced teachers - aged forty yearsor more and about fifteen or more years of teaching, within an elementaryschool (early years), conceived as a training space. It has been hypothesizedO presente trabalho baseia-se em uma pesquisa de Mestrado em andamento que tem como objetivo analisar que relações formativas são estabelecidas entre os professores iniciantes – jovens, recém-formados ou com no máximo cinco anos de experiência docente – e professores experientes – na faixa etária de quarenta anos ou mais e com cerca de quinze anos ou mais de docência, dentro de uma escola de ensino fundamental (anos iniciais), concebida como um espaço formativo. Tem-se como hipótese que estes grupos realizam trocas e transmissões intergeracionais, e a partir delas agregam conhecimentos e valores à sua formação acadêmica, profissional e pessoal, já que possuem pertencimentos geracionais distintos e realizaram sua formação inicial para docência em diferentes tempos e espaços, respaldados por diferentes versões da lei de diretrizes e bases da educação nacional. Há que se considerar que a presença de professores de gerações distintas, em um mesmo espaço escolar, pode possibilitar momentos de compartilhamento de experiências e análise dos problemas do cotidiano da escola a partir de olhares diferenciados, frutos de sujeitos com formação histórica, social e profissional distintas. Desta maneira, a relação destes professores em um contexto complexo como a escola pode suscitar atitudes de solidariedade, crescimento mútuo e colaboração

Um panorama das questões de física do enem: desafios no âmbito da interdisciplinaridade e contextualização/ An overview of enem physics issues: challenges in the field of interdisciplinarity and contextualization

É desejável que o ensino de Física propicie não apenas a construção de conceitos, mas estabeleça relações dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos com a vivência social. Diante disso, o presente estudo objetiva avaliar como tem sido contemplada a interdisciplinaridade e contextualização das questões de Física no Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM). Ao todo, foram analisadas 125 questões. Apenas algumas inter-relacionaram os conhecimentos científicos de Física com Biologia e com Química. As questões relacionadas à tecnologia e sociedade parecem endossar mais a aplicação da ciência, mas deixam de lado os aspectos da inovação tecnológica (relativos aos mecanismos da obsolescência e manipulação) que primam pelo aumento no consumo. Reitera-se que a interdisciplinaridade e contextualização precisa ser mais explorada, principalmente no sentido de provocar reflexões críticas em torno da ciência, tecnologia, sociedade e suas inter-relações, contrapondo-se à memorização dos conteúdos físicos

Solos e Água: fontes (esgotáveis) de vida e de desenvolvimento.

Após ‘2015 - Ano Internacional dos Solos’, os objectivos da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável mantêm bem presente o vínculo entre os recursos solo e água e alguns desses grandes desafios para os próximos 15 anos. Erradicar a fome, assegurar a disponibilidade e a gestão sustentável da água para todos, combater as alterações climáticas, combater a desertificação, restaurar a terra e os solos degradados e lutar pela neutralidade de degradação da terra, são alguns dos objectivos fortemente dependentes de uma gestão mais eficiente do solo e da água em cada território, desde o nível local até ao nível global. Com a realização conjunta do VII Congresso Ibérico das Ciências do Solo e do VI Congresso Nacional de Rega e Drenagem (VII CICS 2016 / VI CNRD), iniciativa que se concretizou pela primeira vez, pretendeu-se promover abordagens integradas de investigação, gestão e administração dos solos e da água tendo em vista a sustentabilidade dos agrossistemas e dos ecossistemas que com eles interagem, bem como a valorização geral do território. Perante a incerteza das alterações climáticas, a promoção de um uso eficiente e sustentável dos solos e da água é, cada vez mais, uma necessidade estratégica para aumentar a produtividade do uso da terra e minimizar os impactos ambientais associados à agricultura e a outras actividades humanas. No contexto ibérico de influência mediterrânea em que se realizam os presentes congressos procurou-se, também, dar especial atenção aos agrossistemas de regadio. A presente publicação reúne o conjunto das 95 comunicações apresentadas no VII CICS 2016 / VI CNRD: 5 expressamente sobre a água (A1 Reservas e distribuição dos recursos hídricos, A2 Valorização e qualidade da água), 54 directamente relacionadas com o solo (S1 Génese e classificação de solos e planeamento do uso da terra, S2 Química, mineralogia e biologia do solo, S3 Fertilidade do solo e nutrição das plantas, S4 Sistemas de uso da terra e gestão sustentável do solo, S5 Solo e mudanças globais) e 36 sobre temas comuns ao solo e à água (S&A1 Física do solo e gestão da água, S&A2 Inovação e tecnologias do solo e da água, S&A3 Degradação do solo e contaminação dos recursos hídricos). O VII CICS 2016 / VI CNRD só foi possível com a boa colaboração de diversos elementos das seguintes entidades: Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Centro Operativo e de Tecnologia de Regadio (COTR), Sociedade Portuguesa da Ciência do Solo (SPCS), Sociedad Española de la Ciencia del Suelo (SECS), Associação Portuguesa de Recursos Hídricos (APRH), FENAREG (Federação Nacional de Regantes de Portugal), Direção Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural (DGADR), Direção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Alentejo, Sociedade de Ciências Agrárias de Portugal (SCAP), Universidade de Évora (UÉvora)

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years