100 research outputs found

    Origin and mobility of Iron Age Gaulish groups in present-day France revealed through archaeogenomics

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    The Iron Age period occupies an important place in French history, as the Gauls are regularly presented as the direct ancestors of the extant French population. We documented here the genomic diversity of Iron Age communities originating from six French regions. The 49 acquired genomes permitted us to highlight an absence of discontinuity between Bronze Age and Iron Age groups in France, lending support to a cultural transition linked to progressive local economic changes rather than to a massive influx of allochthone groups. Genomic analyses revealed strong genetic homogeneity among the regional groups associated with distinct archaeological cultures. This genomic homogenisation appears to be linked to individuals’ mobility between regions as well as gene flow with neighbouring groups from England and Spain. Thus, the results globally support a common genomic legacy for the Iron Age population of modern-day France that could be linked to recurrent gene flow between culturally differentiated communities

    Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

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    : Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants

    Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

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    Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.Peer reviewe

    Between but not within species variation in the distribution of fitness effects

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    New mutations provide the raw material for evolution and adaptation. The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the spectrum of effects of new mutations that can occur along a genome, and is therefore of vital interest in evolutionary biology. Recent work has uncovered striking similarities in the DFE between closely related species, prompting us to ask whether there is variation in the DFE among populations of the same species, or among species with different degrees of divergence, i.e., whether there is variation in the DFE at different levels of evolution. Using exome capture data from six tree species sampled across Europe we characterised the DFE for multiple species, and for each species, multiple populations, and investigated the factors potentially influencing the DFE, such as demography, population divergence and genetic background. We find statistical support for there being variation in the DFE at the species level, even among relatively closely related species. However, we find very little difference at the population level, suggesting that differences in the DFE are primarily driven by deep features of species biology, and that evolutionarily recent events, such as demographic changes and local adaptation, have little impact

    The LKB enclosure and associated structures at Menneville DerriĂšre le Village (Aisne, France): from diversity in mortuary behaviour to a coherent system

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    The enclosure of Menneville consists of segments of ditches stretching over nearly 1000 m and enclosing a large LBK settlement with at least two phases of occupation dated to the middle and late stages of the later LBK of the Paris Basin, or RRBP (RubanĂ© rĂ©cent du Bassin parisien). Numerous human remains have been recovered from the ditches of this enclosure, which also yielded quantities of domestic animal bones and rather fewer lithic and ceramic artefacts. The human remains show that the deceased were treated in a variety of ways: the evidence ranges from articulated bodies to isolated bones, and mortuary behaviour includes post-mortem manipulation, careful burial and casual deposition. In spite of this diversity, the way the deposits were arranged within the stretches of ditches show a similar structural organisation, indicating that the whole was a highly coherent system. Four types of deposit have been identified, ranging from the simplest to the most complex, with some arrangements involving the asymmetrical treatment of bodies. These observations allow us to suggest how the enclosure functioned and discuss the identity of its users. Together the results point towards a ceremonial interpretation and to rituals that may have taken place periodically. They also lead us to consider questions relating to positive or negative attitudes towards the deceased.L’enceinte de Menneville est constituĂ©e de segments de fossĂ© sur une longueur de prĂšs de 1000 m et encercle un vaste habitat rubanĂ© tĂ©moignant d’au moins deux phases d’occupation (Ă©tapes moyenne et rĂ©cente du RRBP). Les fossĂ©s de l’enceinte rubanĂ©e ont livrĂ© de nombreux restes humains, ainsi que de nombreux vestiges de faune domestique et de plus rares artefacts cĂ©ramiques et lithiques. Les restes humains tĂ©moignent de traitements variĂ©s des dĂ©funts : corps entiers, os isolĂ©s, manipulations post-mortem, dĂ©pĂŽts soignĂ©s ou non. En dĂ©pit de cette diversitĂ©, une structuration similaire se dĂ©gage de l’organisation des dĂ©pĂŽts Ă  l’intĂ©rieur des segments et permet de reconnaĂźtre un systĂšme d’une grande cohĂ©rence. Quatre types d’associations de dĂ©pĂŽts sont possibles, du plus simple au plus complexe, certains mettant en jeu une asymĂ©trie de traitement des individus. Ils permettent de proposer un schĂ©ma de fonctionnement de l’enceinte et de discuter de l’identitĂ© de ses utilisateurs. L’ensemble de ces rĂ©sultats oriente l’interprĂ©tation vers des Ă©vĂ©nements d’ordre cĂ©rĂ©moniel qui auraient Ă©tĂ© reproduits pĂ©riodiquement. Ils amĂšnent Ă©galement Ă  s’interroger sur la nature positive ou nĂ©gative des diffĂ©rents traitements rĂ©servĂ©s aux dĂ©funts

    L’enceinte rubanĂ©e de Menneville <i>DerriĂšre le Village</i> et les structures associĂ©es (Aisne, France) : de la diversitĂ© du traitement des dĂ©funts Ă  la cohĂ©rence d’un systĂšme

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    International audienceThe enclosure of Menneville consists of segments of ditches stretching over nearly 1000 m and enclosing a large LBK settlement with at least two phases of occupation dated to the middle and late stages of the later LBK of the Paris Basin, or RRBP (RubanĂ© rĂ©cent du Bassin parisien). Numerous human remains have been recovered from the ditches of this enclosure, which also yielded quantities of domestic animal bones and rather fewer lithic and ceramic artefacts. The human remains show that the deceased were treated in a variety of ways : the evidence ranges from articulated bodies to isolated bones, and mortuary behaviour includes post-mortem manipulation, careful burial and casual deposition. In spite of this diversity, the way the deposits were arranged within the stretches of ditches show a similar structural organisation, indicating that the whole was a highly coherent system. Four types of deposit have been identified, ranging from the simplest to the most complex, with some arrangements involving the asymmetrical treatment of bodies. These observations allow us to suggest how the enclosure functioned and discuss the identity of its users. Together the results point towards a ceremonial interpretation and to rituals that may have taken place periodically. They also lead us to consider questions relating to positive or negative attitudes towards the deceased.L’enceinte de Menneville est constituĂ©e de segments de fossĂ© sur une longueur de prĂšs de 1000 m et encercle un vaste habitat rubanĂ© tĂ©moignant d’au moins deux phases d’occupation (Ă©tapes moyenne et rĂ©cente du RRBP). Les fossĂ©s de l’enceinte rubanĂ©e ont livrĂ© de nombreux restes humains, ainsi que de nombreux vestiges de faune domestique et de plus rares artefacts cĂ©ramiques et lithiques. Les restes humains tĂ©moignent de traitements variĂ©s des dĂ©funts : corps entiers, os isolĂ©s, manipulations post-mortem, dĂ©pĂŽts soignĂ©s ou non. En dĂ©pit de cette diversitĂ©, une structuration similaire se dĂ©gage de l’organisation des dĂ©pĂŽts Ă  l’intĂ©rieur des segments et permet de reconnaĂźtre un systĂšme d’une grande cohĂ©rence. Quatre types d’associations de dĂ©pĂŽts sont possibles, du plus simple au plus complexe, certains mettant en jeu une asymĂ©trie de traitement des individus. Ils permettent de proposer un schĂ©ma de fonctionnement de l’enceinte et de discuter de l’identitĂ© de ses utilisateurs. L’ensemble de ces rĂ©sultats oriente l’interprĂ©tation vers des Ă©vĂ©nements d’ordre cĂ©rĂ©moniel qui auraient Ă©tĂ© reproduits pĂ©riodiquement. Ils amĂšnent Ă©galement Ă  s’interroger sur la nature positive ou nĂ©gative des diffĂ©rents traitements rĂ©servĂ©s aux dĂ©funts

    L’enceinte rubanĂ©e de Menneville DerriĂšre le Village et les structures associĂ©es (Aisne, France) : de la diversitĂ© du traitement des dĂ©funts Ă  la cohĂ©rence d’un systĂšme / The LBK enclosure and associated structures at Menneville DerriĂšre le Village (Aisne, France): from diversity in mortuary behaviour to a coherent system

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    The enclosure of Menneville consists of segments of ditches stretching over nearly 1000 m and enclosing a large LBK settlement with at least two phases of occupation dated to the middle and late stages of the later LBK of the Paris Basin, or RRBP (RubanĂ© rĂ©cent du Bassin parisien). Numerous human remains have been recovered from the ditches of this enclosure, which also yielded quantities of domestic animal bones and rather fewer lithic and ceramic artefacts. The human remains show that the deceased were treated in a variety of ways : the evidence ranges from articulated bodies to isolated bones, and mortuary behaviour includes post-mortem manipulation, careful burial and casual deposition. In spite of this diversity, the way the deposits were arranged within the stretches of ditches show a similar structural organisation, indicating that the whole was a highly coherent system. Four types of deposit have been identified, ranging from the simplest to the most complex, with some arrangements involving the asymmetrical treatment of bodies. These observations allow us to suggest how the enclosure functioned and discuss the identity of its users. Together the results point towards a ceremonial interpretation and to rituals that may have taken place periodically. They also lead us to consider questions relating to positive or negative attitudes towards the deceased.L’enceinte de Menneville est constituĂ©e de segments de fossĂ© sur une longueur de prĂšs de 1000 m et encercle un vaste habitat rubanĂ© tĂ©moignant d’au moins deux phases d’occupation (Ă©tapes moyenne et rĂ©cente du RRBP). Les fossĂ©s de l’enceinte rubanĂ©e ont livrĂ© de nombreux restes humains, ainsi que de nombreux vestiges de faune domestique et de plus rares artefacts cĂ©ramiques et lithiques. Les restes humains tĂ©moignent de traitements variĂ©s des dĂ©funts : corps entiers, os isolĂ©s, manipulations post-mortem, dĂ©pĂŽts soignĂ©s ou non. En dĂ©pit de cette diversitĂ©, une structuration similaire se dĂ©gage de l’organisation des dĂ©pĂŽts Ă  l’intĂ©rieur des segments et permet de reconnaĂźtre un systĂšme d’une grande cohĂ©rence. Quatre types d’associations de dĂ©pĂŽts sont possibles, du plus simple au plus complexe, certains mettant en jeu une asymĂ©trie de traitement des individus. Ils permettent de proposer un schĂ©ma de fonctionnement de l’enceinte et de discuter de l’identitĂ© de ses utilisateurs. L’ensemble de ces rĂ©sultats oriente l’interprĂ©tation vers des Ă©vĂ©nements d’ordre cĂ©rĂ©moniel qui auraient Ă©tĂ© reproduits pĂ©riodiquement. Ils amĂšnent Ă©galement Ă  s’interroger sur la nature positive ou nĂ©gative des diffĂ©rents traitements rĂ©servĂ©s aux dĂ©funts.Thevenet Corinne. L’enceinte rubanĂ©e de Menneville DerriĂšre le Village et les structures associĂ©es (Aisne, France) : de la diversitĂ© du traitement des dĂ©funts Ă  la cohĂ©rence d’un systĂšme / The LBK enclosure and associated structures at Menneville DerriĂšre le Village (Aisne, France): from diversity in mortuary behaviour to a coherent system. In: Gallia prĂ©histoire, tome 56, 2014. pp. 29-92

    Une relecture des pratiques funéraires du Rubané récent et final du Bassin parisien : l'exemple des fosses sépulcrales dans la vallée de l'Aisne

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    International audienceIn 1995, excavation of a new site in the Aisne valley (Berry-au-Bac "le Vieux Tordoir") provided the first evidence for architectural features inside Bandkeramik graves in the Paris Basin (Allard et al. 1997). Although the structural complexity of these grave pits initially seemed anecdotal, the excavation in 1999 of a new group of graves in the Marne (Bonnabel et al. 2003), strengthened the hypothesis of possible variability in burial structures in the Late/Final Bandkeramik. Morphologically, these five new graves consist of two parts: to the north, the actual grave pit containing the body. The side of the pit is undermined, so that the body lies beneath an overhang formed by undisturbed natural sediment. To the south, the pit includes a step (banquette) on which pottery is placed. The corpse thus lies in a confined space. On the surface, the pit is more or less circular and of considerable size. This explains why, after topsoil removal, the pits were not immediately identified as graves. It thus seemed probable that further Bandkeramik burials of the same type had not been recognised during previous excavations. In order to identify this type of pit in the data from the Aisne valley, five criteria were selected on the basis of the Berry-au-Bac graves. Out of the eighty-six Bandkeramik graves in the Aisne valley, only those with sufficient recording, depth and state of preservation were included in the study. In the end, eleven more graves with this morphology were identified. This new burial model raises numerous questions. First of all, the morphology of the pits is in strong contrast with our perception of Bandkeramik burial. Here the bodies are protected from contact with the earth, reflecting different cultural choices and also an unequal investment in ritual. Although we do not know how the graves were closed, as the former ground-surface is completely eroded, a number of hypotheses can be proposed, which either include or exclude the step in the burial area. This type of pit also raises the question of the possible reopening of graves, for ritual or robbing, as an empty space is an accessible space. Lastly, and this is the principal question, to what extent are these grave pits representative of Bandkeramik burial practice ? Is there real variability in burial practices, with on the one hand simple pits, immediately filled after placing of the body, and on the other complex pits with niches, designed to provide a confined space ? If this variability does exist, does it reflect a chronological development of burial practice in the western Bandkeramik, or social or cultural distinctions between members of the same group? Or does this challenge of the traditional view of burial just amount to the replacement of one model by another, without modifying the idea of strong cultural homogeneity in burial practice ? The diversity observed in burial modes enables us to consider the whole set of Paris Basin Bandkeramik funerary practices from a different viewpoint. In fact the fundamental question is: what is known today about Bandkeramik burial practices? As there is now a considerable amount of quality data, it should hopefully be possible to go beyond simple description.En 1995, la fouille d'un nouveau site rubanĂ© dans la vallĂ©e de l'Aisne (Berry-au-Bac) avait permis de mettre en Ă©vidence pour la premiĂšre fois des dispositifs architecturaux dans les sĂ©pultures danubiennes du Bassin parisien (Allard et al., 1997). Si la structuration complexe de ces fosses sĂ©pulcrales a pu paraĂźtre anecdotique au premier abord, la fouille d'un nouvel ensemble funĂ©raire dans la Marne, en 1999 (Bonnabel et al., 2003), est venu conforter l'hypothĂšse d'une possible variabilitĂ© des structures funĂ©raires au RubanĂ© rĂ©cent/final. La morphologie de ces cinq nouvelles tombes se dĂ©compose en deux parties : au nord, la fosse sĂ©pulcrale proprement dite, oĂč repose le dĂ©funt. Elle est creusĂ©e en sape, le corps reposant sous un surplomb formĂ© par le sĂ©diment encaissant laissĂ© en place. Au sud, la fosse comprend une banquette, sur laquelle est dĂ©posĂ© le mobilier cĂ©ramique. Le dĂ©funt repose donc dans un espace confinĂ©. En surface, la fosse est dĂ©forme plus ou moins circulaire et de grandes dimensions, c'est pourquoi la fonction sĂ©pulcrale de ces fosses n 'a pas Ă©tĂ© immĂ©diatement reconnue lors du dĂ©capage. Il apparaissait donc vraisemblable que d'autres sĂ©pultures rubanĂ©es du mĂȘme type n 'avaient pas Ă©tĂ© reconnues lors de fouilles passĂ©es. Afin d'identifier ce type de fosse parmi le corpus de la vallĂ©e de l'Aisne, nous avons sĂ©lectionnĂ© cinq critĂšres Ă  partir des tombes de Berry-au-Bac. Parmi les quatre-vingt-six tombes rubanĂ©es de la vallĂ©e de l'Aisne, nous n'avons conservĂ© que celles dont la documentation, la profondeur et l'Ă©tat de conservation du squelette permettaient une bonne observation des critĂšres sĂ©lectionnĂ©s. Au final, onze tombes supplĂ©mentaires prĂ©sentant la mĂȘme morphologie ont pu ĂȘtre identifiĂ©es. Ce nouveau modĂšle sĂ©pulcral pose de nombreuses questions. Tout d'abord, la morphologie de ces fosses traduit une rupture importante dans notre perception de l'ensevelissement des morts au RubanĂ©. Les corps sont ici prĂ©servĂ©s du contact de la terre, ce qui traduit des choix culturels diffĂ©rents, mais Ă©galement un investissement inĂ©gal dans le rituel. Bien que le systĂšme de fermeture reste inconnu, car l'Ă©rosion nous prive de toute information, il est possible de proposer plusieurs hypothĂšses, incluant ou non la banquette dans l'espace sĂ©pulcral. Ce type de fosse pose Ă©galement la question d'une rĂ©ouverture possible des sĂ©pultures (rĂ©ouverture rituelle ou violation) car un espace vide est un espace accessible. Enfin, et с 'Ă©tait lĂ  notre principale interrogation, quelle est la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© de ces fosses sĂ©pulcrales au sein des pratiques funĂ©raires rubanĂ©es ? Assiste-t-on Ă  une vĂ©ritable variabilitĂ© des pratiques ď ensevelissement, avec d'une part des fosses simples, immĂ©diatement comblĂ©es aprĂšs le dĂ©pĂŽt du corps, et d'autre part des fosses complexes en niche, mĂ©nageant un espace confinĂ© ? Si cette variabilitĂ© existe, traduit-elle une Ă©volution chronologique des pratiques funĂ©raires du RubanĂ© occidental ou des distinctions sociales ou culturelles entre les membres d'un mĂȘme groupe? Ou alors, la remise en cause de l'image sĂ©pulcrale traditionnelle se rĂ©sume-t-elle au remplacement d'un modĂšle par un autre, sans modifier VidĂ©e d'une forte homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© culturelle des pratiques funĂ©raires ? La diversitĂ© constatĂ©e dans les modes d'ensevelissement nous autorise Ă  envisager l'ensemble des pratiques funĂ©raires du RubanĂ© du Bassin parisien sous un autre angle. En fait, toutes ces questions se rĂ©sument en une seule : que sait-on Ă  l'heure actuelle des pratiques funĂ©raires rubanĂ©es ? La documentation Ă©tant aujourd'hui importante et de qualitĂ©, on peut espĂ©rer dĂ©passer davantage le seuil du factuel

    Des villages pour les vivants et pour les morts : distribution spatiale des sépultures dans les habitats rubanés du Bassin parisien

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    International audienceEst-il toujours possible de dĂ©limiter l'espace funĂ©raire ? La question peut sembler incongrue si l'on rĂ©duit ce dernier aux seules nĂ©cropoles, mais les cas sont lĂ©gions oĂč il est difficile d'apporter une dĂ©finition simple et sans ambiguĂŻtĂ© de cet espace. Ainsi est-il problĂ©matique dans le Bassin parisien durant le RubanĂ© (NĂ©olithique ancien). L'espace funĂ©raire n'est ici jamais indĂ©pendant de l'espace domestique : les sĂ©pultures sont prĂ©sentes uniquement Ă  l'intĂ©rieur des villages. Par ailleurs, il y est difficile de circonscrire "un" espace funĂ©raire : les sĂ©pultures sont dispersĂ©es entre les unitĂ©s d'habitation. À premiĂšre vue, l'espace funĂ©raire dans notre cas d'Ă©tude apparaĂźt "atomisĂ©" Ă  l'intĂ©rieur de l'espace domestique et bien difficile Ă  circonscrire. ApprĂ©hender les limites de l'espace funĂ©raire durant le RubanĂ© du Bassin parisien doit alors passer par la comprĂ©hension de la distribution spatiale des tombes Ă  l'intĂ©rieur des habitats. Toutes les options sont-elles permises au sein du champ des possibles ? En fonction de quels critĂšres celles-ci s'organisent-elles ? Comment s'insĂšrent les sĂ©pultures au sein des habitats rubanĂ©s du Bassin parisien, mais Ă©galement dans le cadre de cette problĂ©matique, comment s'insĂšre le Bassin parisien au sein de la culture rubanĂ©e

    La mise en biÚre au Néolithique ancien en Allemagne

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    Des funĂ©railles, frĂ©quemment longues et complexes, l’archĂ©ologue ne perçoit bien souvent que le moment de la mise en terre. Il est toutefois possible d’apprĂ©hender une partie des gestes rĂ©alisĂ©s en amont de l’inhumation et notamment la mise en biĂšre qui est partie prenante de la prĂ©paration du corps. Outre Ă  ce moment, le cercueil peut jouer un rĂŽle fonctionnel Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes du temps funĂ©raire, aussi bien en amont des funĂ©railles que durant celles-ci, ou une fois le dĂ©pĂŽt accompli. Souvent constituĂ©s de matĂ©riaux pĂ©rissables, les cercueils ne se conservent que rarement en milieu tempĂ©rĂ©. On peut nĂ©anmoins reconnaĂźtre leur prĂ©sence par le biais de l’analyse taphonomique du cadavre et de la sĂ©pulture. L’archĂ©ologue parlera de contenant rigide et mobile, dĂ©nomination pouvant englober des types morphologiques diffĂ©rents. Dans certaines nĂ©cropoles des rĂ©gions rhĂ©nanes, quelques dĂ©funts ont Ă©tĂ© inhumĂ©s sur le dos, en position allongĂ©e, alors que la pratique majoritaire consiste Ă  inhumer le corps flĂ©chi sur le cĂŽtĂ©. L’analyse taphonomique de ces sujets met en Ă©vidence qu’ils ont Ă©tĂ© initialement « mis en biĂšre ». La reconnaissance de ces contenants mobiles constitue une donnĂ©e importante en soi, mais plus encore, les consĂ©quences que leur prĂ©sence implique sur le dĂ©roulement des funĂ©railles.From the funeral, often long and complex, the archaeologist perceives most of time only the moment of the deposit of the body in the grave. However, we can grasp one part of the gestures made before the inhumation and in particular, the deposit of the deceased in a coffin, moment which belongs to the preparation of the body. The coffin can play a functional part in different moments of the funerary times, just as well before the funeral than during, or after the deposit in the grave. Coffins made with organic features are rarely preserved in temperate environment. The taphonomic analysis of the body and the grave allows nevertheless to restore the presence of a coffin. The archaeologist will speak about rigid and movable container, this designation including different morphological types. In certain graveyards of Rhine regions, some deceaseds were deposited on the back, in extended position, while the majority of the deads were laid down on one side, with flexed limbs. The taphonomic analysis of the deceaseds in extended position shows that they were deposited in a coffin. The recognition of this movable containers is an important datum for the study of neolithic burial practices and particularly to understand the progress of funeral
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