Regards croisés sur les politiques d’habitat social au Maghreb : Algérie, Maroc, Tunisie

Au Maghreb, les évolutions récentes des politiques d’habitat social sont marquées par l’émergence de l’approche participative du développement et par l’introduction de dispositifs multi-acteurs d’ingénierie sociale. À travers des regards croisés sur les programmes de logement en Algérie, au Maroc et en Tunisie, l’objectif de cet article est d’apporter une lecture critique des modalités de participation de la société civile dans les projets d’habitat social au sud de la Méditerranée. Alors que les instances internationales recommandent un processus plus inclusif, plus équitable et plus efficace que les interventions stato-centrées habituelles, la résorption de l’habitat insalubre se heurte en pratique à de multiples défis socioéconomiques, organisationnels et politiques.In the Maghreb, recent changes in social housing policies have been marked by the emergence of a participatory approach to development and the introduction of multiplayer social engineering mechanisms. Through a comparative assessment of housing programs in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, this paper takes a critical look at the mechanisms of civil society involvement in social housing projects on the south coast of the Mediterranean. Whereas international authorities recommend a more inclusive, more equitable, more effective process than the usual State-centred initiatives, addressing the problems of unsanitary housing poses significant socioeconomic, organizational and political challenges in practice

A new adaptive marine policy toolbox to support ecosystem-based approach to management

4 p.As a consequence of increasing threats to the marine ecosystems, new decision support tools are necessary to support the implementation of the Ecosystem-Based Approach (EBA) to management in order to ensure their sustainable exploitation whilst ensuring their preservation. *To operationalize Ecosystem-Based Approach (EBA) to management and translate scientific knowledge into decision tools, an innovative Adaptive Marine Policy Toolbox has been created. It provides policymakers with necessary framework and resources to develop adaptive policies according to the EBA. *The Adaptive Marine Policy Toolbox provides a one-stop single location to access all the guidelines and resources necessary to design and implement adaptive marine policies according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. *The toolbox presents a high transferability to additional regulations calling for the Ecosystem-Based Approach to management such as the Ecosystem Approach of the Mediterranean Action Plan and the Black Sea´s Strategic Action Plan. *The Resources existing within the toolbox are presented in a user-friendly format. The presence of assessments and models capable to cope with uncertain conditions allows for high flexibility and adaptation in management strategies when future conditions change

Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs

Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Les grands taxis et la mobilité interurbaine au Maroc. Service public, acteurs privés

In Morocco, the transportation services provided by collective taxis constitute a fundamental aspect of mobility in that country. Collective taxis interact with other means of transportation, either in competition or in complementarity . This form of transport constitutes a technical adaptation and responds to the needs of populations by compensating for certain inadequacies of Morocco's transport system. Collective taxis permit flexibility in scheduling and destinations and respond to individual needs of users. In spite of regulations at a national level, the spatial distribution and organization of this form of transport varies a good deal. Research on collective taxis also provides insight into Moroccan migration behavior and the representations that people have of their travel experiences.Au Maroc, les services de transport des taxis collectifs constituent un support original de la mobilité. Les grands taxis sont en interaction avec les autres moyens de se déplacer : situation de concurrence ou de suppléance. Ils constituent, une adaptation technique et répondent aux besoins des populations en palliant l'insuffisance de l'offre. Dans un contexte où la notion d'espace-temps se contracte, ils permettent une souplesse d'horaires et de desserte. Ils répondent à des besoins individuels d'usagers qui se déplacent collectivement. Malgré une homogénéité de la réglementation à l'échelle nationale, les grands traits de leurs fonctions, de leur distribution spatiale et de leur organisation diffèrent selon l 'espace étudié. Des recherches sur les grands taxis permettent d'étudier le système migratoire marocain et les représentations que les personnes ont de leurs vécus des déplacements. Ce mode de transport constitue un indicateur efficace pour analyser à la fois les comportements associés à la mobilité et les réseaux urbains.Le Tellier Julien. Les grands taxis et la mobilité interurbaine au Maroc. Service public, acteurs privés. In: Méditerranée, tome 100, 1-2-2003. Recherches récentes en géographie aixoise, sous la direction de Roland Courtot . pp. 53-58

Les grands taxis : approche du système de transport et de la mobilité au Maroc

Collective taxis are a mean of transportation that provides mobility in developing countries. In Morocco, where public transportation remains underdeveloped, the " grands taxis" provide for people's needs. Technically, they are adapied to lhe demand and provide the users who travel collectively with a solution. Thus, taxis play a part in the spatial organization of the ciliés and in the interurban relations. Wbile they are pailially responsible for gridlocks in city centers, they also contribute to the improvement oftrafiic flow. In this paper, we first discuss the issue of the " grands taxis'' through the législation, which regulates the different actors and the opérations. In lhe second pan, we focus on régional specificities through case studies in four différent cities: Fez, Settat, Cheichaouen and Er Rich. With these examples, we may appreciate lhe specificities of the organization and the use ofthe collective taxis. Our goal is to reach a global vision of its uses on a national scale.Les taxis collectifs représentent un support de la mobilité spatiale fréquemment utilisé dans les PED. Au Maroc, les "grands taxis" interurbains constituent une adaptation parce qu'en répondant aux besoins des populations ils pallient l'insuffisance de l'offre de transport. Ils s'adaptent à la demande et satisfont de manière individuelle les besoins d'usagers qui se déplacent collectivement. En partie responsables de la congestion des centres-villes, ils participent néanmoins aux flux. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons les différents acteurs de ce mode de transport sous l'angle de la législation el des règles qui les encadrent. Ensuite, nous tentons de mettre en évidence des spécificités locales avec des éludes de cas réalisées dans quatre pôles de déplacements: Fès, Sellai, Cliefchaouen et Er Rich. Ces exemples permettent d'apprécier les spécificités de l'organisation et de l'utilisation des taxis collectifs dans différents espaces.Le Tellier Julien. Les grands taxis : approche du système de transport et de la mobilité au Maroc. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 114, n°642, 2005. pp. 163-186

Accompagnement social, microcrédit logement et résorption des bidonvilles au Maroc

Introduction Depuis 2004, la politique marocaine de lutte contre l’habitat insalubre est essentiellement focalisée sur le Programme Villes Sans Bidonvilles (PVSB), réplique nationale de la stratégie Cities Without Slums des Nations Unies. En amont du lancement de ce programme ambitieux, un important bilan des interventions publiques en bidonville conduit à l’expérimentation de nouveaux dispositifs d’ingénierie sociale : l’accompagnement social, supposé favoriser la « participation active » d..

Urban mobility and sustainable development in the southern and Easthen Mediterranean

In a context of rapid urbanisation in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs), urban mobility is a crucial issue in terms of sustainable development. Following the recommendations of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development adopted in 2005 by the 21 riparian States and the European Community as Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention, Plan Bleu (one of the regional activity centres of the UNEP/MAP) addressed the issue of sustainable urban mobility by carrying out six case studies in SEMCs’ agglomerations: Aleppo (Syria), Algiers (Algeria), Cairo (Egypt), Istanbul (Turkey), Tangiers (Morocco), and Tunis (Tunisia). This essay summarises outcomes and recommendations of the case studies

Les recompositions territoriales dans le Maroc du Nord. Dynamiques urbaines dans la péninsule tingitane et gouvernance des services de base à Tanger et à Tétouan (Maroc). L'inclusion des quartiers pauvres à travers l'accès aux transports et à l'eau potable.

The Tingitane peninsula, a dynamic area in the north-west of the kingdom, and its main towns - Tangier and Tétouan, illustrate Morocco in transition. The evolution of Tangier and Tétouan has been relocated in history: the framework shows periods of dynamism and openness alternated with times of decadence and withdrawal. The concept of integration seems relevant to the study of current evolutions. Main activities and functions, as well as the great infrastructure projects, are presented as factors of integration in Northern Morocco. The region of Tangier-Tétouan is situated at some distance from the Atlantic urban axis, but its strategic location makes it an engine for the kingdom's development; the integration on a national and on an international level finally seem to meet. From global to local, the regional approach leads us on an urban scale to questions on the situation of exclusion and the process of the inclusion of under-equipped districts and their poor populations. The urban sprawl of Tangier and Tétouan poses important questions on the urban inclusion of the under-equipped peripheries and especially of social cohesion. The structural poverty and Morocco's inclusive social model have evolved towards a process of exclusion; yesterday's poor had a place and a role in the hierarchical and unequal society which maintained social cohesion and stability, whereas today a number of the poor are totally excluded. In areas of illegal housing, a particular urban form, infrastructures and public utilities, especially public transport and drinking water, represent indicators for the analysis of the process of inclusion/exclusion in marginal districts. The tools of analysis - "transportation and water" permit the study of urban governance specific to the towns of Tangier and Tétouan. At the end of this thesis, several inclusive models have been identified.La péninsule tingitane, angle vif au nord-ouest du royaume, et ses capitales, Tanger et Tétouan, sont représentatives du Maroc en transition. Les recompositions territoriales du Nord marocain s'inscrivent dans l'histoire de deux villes, Tanger et Tétouan, où périodes d'ouverture ont alterné avec des temps de repli. Les principales activités et fonctions, ainsi que les grands projets d'infrastructure significatifs des dynamiques régionales, sont appréhendés comme des facteurs d'intégration pour le Maroc du Nord. La région Tanger-Tétouan est excentrée par rapport à l'axe urbain atlantique, mais sa situation stratégique en fait une locomotive pour le développement du royaume chérifien ; les processus d'intégration aux niveaux international et national semblent finalement se rejoindre. Du global au local, l'approche régionale conduit à l'échelle urbaine avec ses situations d'exclusion. La problématique porte sur les logiques inclusives des quartiers sous-équipés et de leurs populations pauvres. L'étalement des agglomérations de Tanger et de Tétouan pose avec acuité les questions de l'inclusion urbaine des périphéries irrégulières et plus largement de la cohésion sociale. La pauvreté structurelle du Maroc et le modèle social de protection par allégeance évoluent vers des formes d'exclusion : la population pauvre d'hier avait une place et un rôle dans une société hiérarchisée et inégalitaire qui maintenait des équilibres, alors qu'une partie des pauvres sont aujourd'hui des inutiles au monde. Dans la forme urbanistique particulière que représente l'habitat non réglementaire, les services essentiels et les équipements collectifs, et plus particulièrement l'accès aux services et infrastructures de base, notamment les transports collectifs et l'eau potable, constituent des indicateurs pour étudier les processus d'inclusion/exclusion dont les marges urbaines font l'objet. Ces outils d'analyse " transports et eau " permettent aussi d'appréhender les modes de gouvernance spécifiques aux villes de Tanger et de Tétouan. Enfin, au terme de cette thèse, plusieurs modèles d'inclusion urbaine sont identifiés