Card-Based ZKP Protocols for Takuzu and Juosan

International audienc

Card-based ZKP protocols for Takuzu and Juosan

International audienc

Switching the mode of sucrose utilization by <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</it>

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Overflow metabolism is an undesirable characteristic of aerobic cultures of <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </it>during biomass-directed processes. It results from elevated sugar consumption rates that cause a high substrate conversion to ethanol and other bi-products, severely affecting cell physiology, bioprocess performance, and biomass yields. Fed-batch culture, where sucrose consumption rates are controlled by the external addition of sugar aiming at its low concentrations in the fermentor, is the classical bioprocessing alternative to prevent sugar fermentation by yeasts. However, fed-batch fermentations present drawbacks that could be overcome by simpler batch cultures at relatively high (e.g. 20 g/L) initial sugar concentrations. In this study, a <it>S. cerevisiae </it>strain lacking invertase activity was engineered to transport sucrose into the cells through a low-affinity and low-capacity sucrose-H⁺symport activity, and the growth kinetics and biomass yields on sucrose analyzed using simple batch cultures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have deleted from the genome of a <it>S. cerevisiae </it>strain lacking invertase the high-affinity sucrose-H⁺symporter encoded by the <it>AGT1 </it>gene. This strain could still grow efficiently on sucrose due to a low-affinity and low-capacity sucrose-H⁺symport activity mediated by the <it>MALx1 </it>maltose permeases, and its further intracellular hydrolysis by cytoplasmic maltases. Although sucrose consumption by this engineered yeast strain was slower than with the parental yeast strain, the cells grew efficiently on sucrose due to an increased respiration of the carbon source. Consequently, this engineered yeast strain produced less ethanol and 1.5 to 2 times more biomass when cultivated in simple batch mode using 20 g/L sucrose as the carbon source.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Higher cell densities during batch cultures on 20 g/L sucrose were achieved by using a <it>S. cerevisiae </it>strain engineered in the sucrose uptake system. Such result was accomplished by effectively reducing sucrose uptake by the yeast cells, avoiding overflow metabolism, with the concomitant reduction in ethanol production. The use of this modified yeast strain in simpler batch culture mode can be a viable option to more complicated traditional sucrose-limited fed-batch cultures for biomass-directed processes of <it>S. cerevisiae</it>.</p