Penerapan Pembelajaran Model Student Teams Achivement Division (STAD) Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Dan Aktivitas Siswa Kelas VII Pada Konsep Ekosistem Di SMP Negeri 6 Bibinoi

Pembelajaran IPA di SMP pada umumnya masih didominasi oleh aktifitas guru. Kelas berfokus pada guru sebagai sumber utama pengetahuan dan berpegang pada buku paket saja. Kegiatan pembelajaran kurang memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk berinteraksi dengan benda-benda konkrit dalam situasi yang nyata. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut di atas diperlukan suatu pendekatan yaitu menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran kooperatif dengan model Student Teams Achivement Division.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas, Tujuan dari penelitian tindakan kelas ini Untuk mengetahui hasil belajar Biologi siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 6 Bibinoi Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, dengan penerapan pembelajaran kooperatif dengan model Student Teams Achivement Division (STAD)Hasil belajar siswa SMP Negeri 6 Bibinoi Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, pada materi Menentukan ekosistem dan saling hubungan antara komponen ekosistem. Pada siklus I siswa yang mengikuti tes terdapat sebanyak 5 siswa yang tuntas,siswa tersebut dikatakan tuntas karena hasil tes yang diperoleh telah mencapai nilai KKM. Siswa yang dikategorikan tidak tuntas sebanyak 15 siswa, karena hasil tes yang diperoleh belum mencapai nilai KKM. Dengan ketuntasan secara klasikal pada tes silus I adalah 25%, Sedangkan pada siklus II dengan materi Mengindentifi-kasikan pentingnya keanekaragaman makhluk hidup dalam pelestarian ekosistem, telah mengalami peningkatan yaitu siswa yang dikategorikan tuntas sebanyak 20 siswa atau 100% , siswa yang dikategorikan tuntas. Dengan demikian model pembelajaran Student Teams Achivement Division dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif siswa Kelas VII SMP Negeri 6 Bibinoi Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, materi Ekosistem Kata Kunci: Penerapan Pembelajaran Model Student Teams Achivement Division (STAD

What research agenda could be generated from the European General Practice Research Network concept of Multimorbidity in Family Practice?

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity is an intuitively appealing, yet challenging, concept for Family Medicine (FM). An EGPRN working group has published a comprehensive definition of the concept based on a systematic review of the literature which is closely linked to patient complexity and to the biopsychosocial model. This concept was identified by European Family Physicians (FPs) throughout Europe using 13 qualitative surveys. To further our understanding of the issues around multimorbidity, we needed to do innovative research to clarify this concept. The research question for this survey was: what research agenda could be generated for Family Medicine from the EGPRN concept of Multimorbidity? METHODS: Nominal group design with a purposive panel of experts in the field of multimorbidity. The nominal group worked through four phases: ideas generation phase, ideas recording phase, evaluation and analysis phase and a prioritization phase. RESULTS: Fifteen international experts participated. A research agenda was established, featuring 6 topics and 11 themes with their corresponding study designs. The highest priorities were given to the following topics: measuring multimorbidity and the impact of multimorbidity. In addition the experts stressed that the concept should be simplified. This would be best achieved by working in reverse: starting with the outcomes and working back to find the useful variables within the concept. CONCLUSION: The highest priority for future research on multimorbidity should be given to measuring multimorbidity and to simplifying the EGPRN model, using a pragmatic approach to determine the useful variables within the concept from its outcomes.The study had a Grant of 8000 Euros from the EGPRN

A study protocol for the evaluation of occupational mutagenic/carcinogenic risks in subjects exposed to antineoplastic drugs: a multicentric project

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Some industrial hygiene studies have assessed occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs; other epidemiological investigations have detected various toxicological effects in exposure groups labeled with the job title. In no research has the same population been studied both environmentally and epidemiologically. The protocol of the epidemiological study presented here uses an integrated environmental and biological monitoring approach. The aim is to assess in hospital nurses preparing and/or administering therapy to cancer patients the current level of occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs, DNA and chromosome damage as cancer predictive effects, and the association between the two.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>About 80 healthy non-smoking female nurses, who job it is to prepare or handle antineoplastic drugs, and a reference group of about 80 healthy non-smoking female nurses not occupationally exposed to chemicals will be examined simultaneously in a cross-sectional study. All the workers will be recruited from five hospitals in northern and central Italy after their informed consent has been obtained.</p> <p>Evaluation of surface contamination and dermal exposure to antineoplastic drugs will be assessed by determining cyclophosphamide on selected surfaces (wipes) and on the exposed nurses' clothes (pads). The concentration of unmetabolized cyclophosphamide as a biomarker of internal dose will be measured in end-shift urine samples from exposed nurses.</p> <p>Biomarkers of effect and susceptibility will be assessed in exposed and unexposed nurses: urinary concentration of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; DNA damage detected using the single-cell microgel electrophoresis (comet) assay in peripheral white blood cells; micronuclei and chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Genetic polymorphisms for enzymes involved in metabolic detoxification (i.e. glutathione <it>S</it>-transferases) will also be analysed.</p> <p>Using standardized questionnaires, occupational exposure will be determined in exposed nurses only, whereas potential confounders (medicine consumption, lifestyle habits, diet and other non-occupational exposures) will be assessed in both groups of hospital workers.</p> <p>Statistical analysis will be performed to ascertain the association between occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and biomarkers of DNA and chromosome damage, after taking into account the effects of individual genetic susceptibility, and the presence of confounding exposures.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The findings of the study will be useful in updating prevention procedures for handling antineoplastic drugs.</p

Neurons differentiate magnitude and location of mechanical stimuli

Neuronal activity can be modulated by mechanical stimuli. To study this phenomenon quantitatively, we mechanically stimulated rat cortical neurons by shear stress and local indentation. Neurons show 2 distinct responses, classified as transient and sustained. Transient responses display fast kinetics, similar to spontaneous neuronal activity, whereas sustained responses last several minutes before returning to baseline. Local soma stimulations with micrometersized beads evoke transient responses at low forces of similar to 220 nN and pressures of similar to 5.6 kPa and sustained responses at higher forces of similar to 360 nN and pressures of similar to 9.2 kPa. Among the neuronal compartments, axons are highly susceptible to mechanical stimulation and predominantly show sustained responses, whereas the less susceptible dendrites predominantly respond transiently. Chemical perturbation experiments suggest that mechanically evoked responses require the influx of extracellular calcium through ion channels. We propose that subtraumatic forces/pressures applied to neurons evoke neuronal responses via nonspecific gating of ion channels

Neural network classification of late gamma band electroencephalogram features

This paper investigates the feasibility of using neural network (NN) and late gamma band (LGB) electroencephalogram (EEG) features extracted from the brain to identify the individuality of subjects. The EEG signals were recorded using 61 active electrodes located on the scalp while the subjects perceived a single picture. LGB EEG signals occur with jittering latency of above 280 ins and are not time-locked to the triggering stimuli. Therefore, LGB EEG could only be computed from single trials of EEG signals and the common method of averaging across trials to remove undesired background EEG (i.e. noise) is not possible. Here, principal component analysis has been used to extract single trials of EEG signals. Zero phase Butterworth filter and Parseval's time-frequency equivalence theorem were used to compute the LGB EEG features. These features were then classified by backpropagation and simplified fuzzy ARTMAP NNs into different categories that represent the individuality of the subjects. The results using a tenfold cross validation scheme gave a maximum classification of 97.33% when tested on 800 unseen LGB EEG features from 40 subjects. This pilot investigation showed that the method of identifying the individuality of subjects using NN classification of LGB EEG features is worth further study