MADALENA AND MIRTES: "WHY ARE BLACK WOMEN THE LAST IN LINE AFTER NO ONE?"

This article raises a reflection on the condition that many black women still live in Brazilian society. In this brief analysis, we examine the collective memories of dominant and dominated groups from the context of Brazilian slavery to current society, taking as our basis the theoretical treatment of collective memory of Maurice Halbwachs and Michael Pollak, the studies of some black feminists, such as Grada Kilomba, Bell Hooks, Sueli Carneiro, and Chimamanda Adichie, who approach intersectionality and expose the inequalities, oppression, and violence faced by black women. Thus, from a qualitative analysis, we can state that: i) the collective memory of white elite groups is official memory and reflects the model of race relations in Brazil; ii) memory and forgetfulness mark the trajectory of black people; iii) the colonial project presents itself in new guises of racism.Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre las condiciones en que muchas mujeres negras aún viven en la sociedad brasileña. En este breve análisis examinaremos las memorias colectivas de los distintos grupos dominantes y dominados desde el contexto de la esclavitud brasileña hasta la sociedad actual. A partir de la teoría de las memorias de Maurice Halbwachs y Michael Pollak, los estudios de algunas feministas negras como Grada Kilomba, Bell Hooks, Sueli Carneiro y Chimamanda Adichie cómo así también quienes abordan el sesgo de la interseccionalidad, abriendo las desigualdades, opresiones y violencia que enfrentan muchas mujeres negras. Así, desde un análisis cualitativo, podemos decir que: I) la memoria colectiva de los grupos de élite blanca es una memoria oficial y refleja el modelo de relaciones raciales en Brasil; II) la memoria y el olvido marcan la trayectoria de los negros; III) el proyecto colonial se presenta bajo una nueva apariencia de racismo.Este artigo suscita uma reflexão sobre a condição que muitas mulheres negras ainda vivem na sociedade brasileira. Nesta breve análise examinamos as memórias coletivas dos grupos dominantes e dominados desde o contexto da escravidão brasileira até a sociedade atual tomando como base a teoria da memória de Maurice Halbwachs e Michael Pollak, recorremos também aos estudos de algumas feministas negras, a exemplo de Grada Kilomba, Bell Hooks, Sueli Carneiro e Chimamanda Adichie e também da feminista Heleieth Saffioti, que abordam o viés da interseccionalidade e escancara as desigualdades, opressões e violências enfrentadas pelas mulheres negras. Assim, a partir de uma análise qualitativa, podemos afirmar que: i) a memória coletiva de grupos da elite branca é memória oficial e reflete o modelo de relações raciais do Brasil; ii) a memória e o esquecimento marcam a trajetória do povo negro; iii) o projeto colonial se apresenta com novas roupagens do racismo

Cálculo de índice orçamentário das instalações hidráulicas de uma construção, em função da área construída e do INCC

The budget can be defined as the expected cost of a work (inputs and services) before its execution. To draw up a budget, it’s necessary to develop a sequence of consecutive tasks (to lift and meet deeply the spend of materials and services to be perform, the labor’s amount, the incidence of labor law, time of the equipaments, the financial and indirect administrative costs and the tax burden that will weigh on services. A budget can result in two opposing realities, when it is poorly designed, without defined criteria, it can causes damages, otherwise, it ensures profitability and the corporate survival. This study presents the index development derived from a spreadsheet budget that expresses the overall value for the execution of a plumbing work (results of compatibility between the quantity of materials and labour worksheet and unit cost spreadsheet) relative to its construction area. The project considered here is for comercial use, it has three floors an four offices for rental. This index makes possible to obtain a value close to estimate the real costs of a hydraulic system for a similar project, minimizing the execution budget time.O Orçamento pode ser definido como a previsão do custo de uma obra (insumos e serviços) antes de sua execução. Para elaborar um orçamento, é necessário desenvolver uma sequência de tarefas sucessivas (levantar e conhecer com profundidade o consumo de materiais em cada um dos serviços a serem realizados, a quantidade de mão de obra, a incidência das leis trabalhistas, o tempo de uso dos equipamentos, os custos financeiros decorrentes, os custos administrativos (indiretos) e a carga tributária que irá pesar sobre os serviços). Um orçamento pode resultar em duas realidades opostas, quando mal elaborado e sem critérios definidos, traz prejuízos e quando bem elaborado com os devidos critérios, garante o lucro e a sobrevivência das empresas. O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um índice, obtido a partir de uma planilha orçamentária que exprime o valor global para a execução das instalações hidráulicas de uma obra, (resultado da compatibilização entre planilha de levantamento de quantitativo e planilha de custo unitário) em relação à sua área de construção. O empreendimento considerado é destinado ao uso comercial, possui 03 pavimentos e 4 (quatro) salas destinadas à locação. O índice de atualização será o INCC – Índice Nacional de Custo da Construção Civil, com data base no mês de Junho de 2012. Esse índice torna possível a obtenção de um valor próximo do real por estimar os custos de instalação hidráulica de um empreendimento similar, minimizando o tempo de execução de um orçamento

Immune response of BV-2 microglial cells is impacted by peroxisomal beta-oxidation

Microglia are crucial for brain homeostasis, and dysfunction of these cells is a key driver in most neurodegenerative diseases, including peroxisomal leukodystrophies. In X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a neuroinflammatory disorder, very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation due to impaired degradation within peroxisomes results in microglial defects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of key genes in peroxisomal VLCFA breakdown (Abcd1, Abcd2, and Acox1), we recently established easily accessible microglial BV-2 cell models to study the impact of dysfunctional peroxisomal β-oxidation and revealed a disease-associated microglial-like signature in these cell lines. Transcriptomic analysis suggested consequences on the immune response. To clarify how impaired lipid degradation impacts the immune function of microglia, we here used RNA-sequencing and functional assays related to the immune response to compare wild-type and mutant BV-2 cell lines under basal conditions and upon pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. A majority of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, as well as genes involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and co-stimulation of T lymphocytes, were found differentially overexpressed. The transcriptomic alterations were reflected by altered phagocytic capacity, inflammasome activation, increased release of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF, and upregulated response of T lymphocytes primed by mutant BV-2 cells presenting peptides. Together, the present study shows that peroxisomal β-oxidation defects resulting in lipid alterations, including VLCFA accumulation, directly reprogram the main cellular functions of microglia. The elucidation of this link between lipid metabolism and the immune response of microglia will help to better understand the pathogenesis of peroxisomal leukodystrophies

Phylogenetic analysis of rabies surveillance samples from north and northeast Brazil

Viruses of the Lyssavirus genus are classified into several genotypes (GT1 to GT7), of which only GT1 (classic rabies virus—RABV) has a cosmopolitan distribution and circulates in Brazil. GT1 is subdivided into several antigenic variants (AgV) maintained in independent cycles with a narrow host range and distinct geographic distributions, namely, AgV1 and AgV2 found in dogs, AgV3 in the vampire bats Desmodus rotundus, and AgV4 and AgV6 in bats non-hematophagous Tadarida brasiliensis and Lasiurus cinereus, a common variant of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). In this study, we performed phylogenetic analysis to identify at the antigenic variant level; six RABV genomes derived from the Rabies Surveillance in the north and northeast regions of Brazil. The analysis resulted in the formation of 11 monophyletic clusters, each corresponding to a particular variant, with high bootstrap support values. The samples were positioned inside the AgV3, AgV6, and Callithrix variant clades. This is the first report of the AgV6 variant found in northern Brazil, which provides valuable information for rabies surveillance in the country. The possibility of viral spillover has been much debated, as it deals with the risk of shifting transmission from a primary to a secondary host. However, more genomic surveillance studies should be performed, with a greater number and diversity of samples to better understand the transmission dynamics of each variant to detect changes in its geographic distribution and spillover events

Estratégias de aquisição da casa própria: a trajetória de algumas famílias negras paulistanas nas décadas de 1920 a 1940

In Brazil, there is a cultural belief that property acquisition is the wisest attitude to ensure a safe and stable economy. For generations, the "dream of property ownership" has been cultivated as a horizon to be achieved. Confirming this tendency, since the 1920s, "casa propria" (home ownership) became a notion mobilized in the black press periodicals, circulating as a desirable aspiration and an orientation to the journals public. Between 1924 and 1937, two of the main newspapers of São Paulo black press, O Clarim da Alvorada and A Voz da Raça, carried out a campaign in favor of property ownership, spreading among paulista black families the importance of property acquisition. These campaigns are an important sign for the relevance of buying a property for black families at that time. In this paper, we seek to analyze it as an intergenerational social security strategy, through the presentation of three cases of black families that accomplished this goal between 1920s and 1940s. The black families testimonies reported here indicate precocity, specificities and strategies that represent new challenges for the formulation of property ownership problem, from a racial point of view.No Brasil, há uma crença cultural de que a atitude mais sábia para garantir uma economia doméstica segura e estável é a aquisição da casa própria. Por gerações, o “sonho da casa própria” tem sido cultivado como um horizonte a se atingir. Confirmando essa tendência, desde a década de 1920, a “casa própria” torna-se uma noção mobilizada nos periódicos da imprensa negra, circulando em diversos artigos como uma aspiração desejável e uma orientação ao público dos jornais. Entre 1924 e 1937, dois dos principais jornais da imprensa negra paulista, O Clarim da Alvorada e A Voz da Raça, realizaram uma campanha em favor da casa própria, difundindo entre as famílias negras paulistanas a ideia da importância da aquisição imobiliária. Essas campanhas constituem um indício importante da relevância da aquisição residencial para as famílias negras do período. Neste trabalho, procuramos analisar essa importância como estratégia de seguridade social intergeracional, por meio da apresentação de três casos de famílias negras que realizaram esse objetivo entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940. Os depoimentos das famílias negras aqui reportados indicamprecocidade, especificidades e estratégias que representam novos desafios para a reflexão sobre a formulação do problema da casa própria, a partir do ponto de vista racial

Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications