Performance and meat quality of suckling calves grazing cultivated pasture or free range in mountain.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of grazing on mountain (M) versus cultivated lowland pasture (C) on the performance and meat quality of suckling calves (Experiment 1 and 2). In addition, the effect of finishing on C after M on growth and meat quality was assessed (Experiment 2). Animals on C and M had on average similar live weight gain and carcass weight in the first experiment. However, the performance depended on year as gain and carcass weight was higher on C than on M in the first year and vice versa in the second year. In the second experiment the calves on M had lower gain and carcass weight than on C. Three week finishing on C after M compensated to some extent for the lower growth rate on M. Overall, the results indicate that mountain grazing may yield similar growth rates and slaughter weights as improved lowland pasture depending on year. There were only small effects of pasture type on carcass and meat quality traits like conformation, fatness, intramuscular fat and protein content, and fatty acid (FA) composition. The variation in FA composition could to a large extent be explained by difference in fatness with increase in monounsaturated and decrease in polyunsaturated FA with increasing intramuscular fat content, in turn varying between pasture type, experiment and year. There was a tendency that M led to higher proportion of C18:1n-9 and lower proportion of C18:1n-7 than C, which may be due to difference in milk and forage intake. Both pasture types resulted in meat with intramuscular fat with high nutritional value since the n-6/n-3 ratio was lo

Digitalkommunikasjon i sosiale medier: Bedriftenes mulighet til å bli kjent med kundene slik at de kan utvikle produkter og tjenester kundene vil ha

Bachelor i Service Management, 2012Formålet med denne bacheloroppgaven er å finne ut hvordan bedriftene kan bruke Facebook til å kommunisere sine servicetjenester. Vi ser at dette kan besvares med hvordan Facebook benyttes rent teknisk, men vi har valgt å besvare spørsmålet med teoretisk forankring i kundeorientert markedsføringsteori. Med bakgrunn i våre teoretiske funn fant vi det interessant å se på hvordan bedriftene opplever denne formen for markedsføring, og hvordan de ser for seg å praktisere den. Vi valgte derfor å intervjue to informanter med forskjellige utgangspunkt. Vi ønsket å finne ut om disse hadde noen holdningsbaserte forskjeller i sin oppfatning av Facebook, og videre hvordan det påvirker dem vedrørende markedsføring i sosiale medier. Vi benyttet kvalitativ metode med strukturerte dybdeintervjuer for å finne svar på våre spørsmål. Vi utarbeidet intervjuguide og tapet intervjuene før vi transkriberte dataene og fikk disse godkjent av informantene som en slags kvalitetssikring før vi analyserte våre funn. Vi kom fram til at empirien i stor grad samsvarer med teorien, og at det ikke fantes noen grunnleggende holdningsbaserte forskjeller av betydning mellom informantene. Det vi fant, var at den ene har troen på Facebook i dag, mens den andre ser for seg effekten av markedsføring på Facebook litt fram i tid. En interessant observasjon vi kan tenke oss å undersøke nærmere ved en senere anledning med et større utvalg av populasjon.Vi har også satt av kapittel 4 til å illustrere egne erfaringer som administrator på våre informanters Facebook-plattformer. Vi gjorde noen små forsøk på disse sidene gjennom våren hvor vi mener å kunne se ulik grad av delaktighet fra kundene/tilhengerne på ulike innlegg. Våre samlede funn viser at Facebook er et godt egnet sted for kommunikasjon mellom bedriftene og kundene, som videre danner grunnlag for at bedriftene kan lytte til kundene slik at de kan utvikle produkter og tjenester som kundene vil ha.Engelsk sammendrag (abstract):The use of digital communication in social media The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to find out how companies can use Facebook to communicate their services. This could be answered with how Facebook is used technically, but we have chosen to answer the question from a customer oriented marketing theory view. Based on our theoretical findings, we found it interesting to see how companies are experiencing this style of marketing, and how they envision themselves to practice it. We therefore chose to interview two informants with different starting points. We wanted to find out whether they had any different approach based on their perception of Facebook, and on how it affects their marketing via social media. In order to find answers to our questions we used the qualitative methods with in-depth interviews. We created an interview guide and recorded the interviews before we transcribed the data. Before we analyzed the data, it was approved by the informants to make sure the quality was good. We found that empirical data are largely consistent with the theory, and that there were no significance differences between the informants. But we found that one informant has faith in Facebook today, while the second informant thought the impact of marketing on Facebook is for the future. At a later time we would like to investigate this interesting observation with a larger sample of the population. Section 4 is illustrating our own experiences as administrators on our informants Facebook sites. We have made some experiments at these sites, where we think we could see different levels of participation from customers/fans on the various articles. Our findings show that Facebook is a suitable place for communication between companies and customers, which creates an arena for companies to listen to customers with a goal to develop products and services that customers want

Patient derived colonoids as drug testing platforms - Critical importance of oxygen concentration

Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is challenging, with a series of available drugs each helping only a fraction of patients. Patients may face time-consuming drug trials while the disease is active, thus there is an unmet need for biomarkers and assays to predict drug effect. It is well known that the intestinal epithelium is an important factor in disease pathogenesis, exhibiting physical, biochemical and immunologic driven barrier dysfunctions. One promising test system to study effects of existing or emerging IBD treatments targeting intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is intestinal organoids (“mini-guts”). However, the fact that healthy intestinal epithelium is in a physiologically hypoxic state has largely been neglected, and studies with intestinal organoids are mainly performed at oxygen concentration of 20%. We hypothesized that lowering the incubator oxygen level from 20% to 2% would recapitulate better the in vivo physiological environment of colonic epithelial cells and enhance the translational value of intestinal organoids as a drug testing platform. In the present study we examine the effects of the key IBD cytokines and drug targets TNF/IL17 on human colonic organoids (colonoids) under atmospheric (20%) or reduced (2%) O2. We show that colonoids derived from both healthy controls and IBD-patients are viable and responsive to IBD-relevant cytokines at 2% oxygen. Because chemokine release is one of the important immunoregulatory traits of the epithelium that may be fine-tuned by IBD-drugs, we also examined chemokine expression and release at different oxygen concentrations. We show that chemokine responses to TNF/IL17 in organoids display similarities to inflamed epithelium in IBD-patients. However, inflammation-associated genes induced by TNF/IL17 were attenuated at low oxygen concentration. We detected substantial oxygen-dependent differences in gene expression in untreated as well as TNF/IL17 treated colonoids in all donors. Further, for some of the IBD-relevant cytokines differences between colonoids from healthy controls and IBD patients were more pronounced in 2% O2 than 20% O2. Our results strongly indicate that an oxygen concentration similar to the in vivo epithelial cell environment is of essence in experimental pharmacology

NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP

The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model version 1 (NorCPM1) is a new research tool for performing climate reanalyses and seasonal-to-decadal climate predictions. It combines the Norwegian Earth System Model version 1 (NorESM1) – which features interactive aerosol-cloud schemes and an isopycnic-coordinate ocean component with biogeochemistry – with anomaly assimilation of SST and T/S-profile observations using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF).publishedVersio

Beach litter sources around Nuuk, Greenland: An analysis by UArctic summer school graduate course students

Modeling studies illustrate the potential for long-range transport of plastics into the Arctic, although the degree to which this occurs remains relatively undocumented. We utilised a teaching exercise at a UArctic summer school graduate course in Nuuk, Greenland to conduct a preliminary in-depth analysis of beach litter sources in the Nuup Kangerlua fjord. Students and instructors collected and analysed 1800 litter items weighing 200 kg from one location in the fjord and another at its mouth. The results suggest a predominance of local sources to macrolitter, rather than long-range transport from Europe. Fisheries-related items and rope were common. Packaging which could be identified was largely suspected to be products distributed in Greenland, and soft plastics, which rarely disperse far from its source, were also common. The results suggest local measures to reduce mismanaged waste and emissions from fisheries are important for reducing marine litter in West Greenland.publishedVersio

Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates

Marine dinoflagellates are the single most important group of algae that produce toxins, which have a global impact on human activities. The toxins are chemically diverse, and include macrolides, cyclic polyethers, spirolides and purine alkaloids. Whereas there is a multitude of studies describing the pharmacology of these toxins, there is limited or no knowledge regarding the biochemistry and molecular genetics involved in their biosynthesis. Recently, however, exciting advances have been made. Expressed sequence tag sequencing studies have revealed important insights into the transcriptomes of dinoflagellates, whereas other studies have implicated polyketide synthase genes in the biosynthesis of cyclic polyether toxins, and the molecular genetic basis for the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins has been elucidated in cyanobacteria. This review summarises the recent progress that has been made regarding the unusual genomes of dinoflagellates, the biosynthesis and molecular genetics of dinoflagellate toxins. In addition, the evolution of these metabolic pathways will be discussed, and an outlook for future research and possible applications is provided

Digitalkommunikasjon i sosiale medier: Bedriftenes mulighet til å bli kjent med kundene slik at de kan utvikle produkter og tjenester kundene vil ha

Bachelor i Service Management, 2012Formålet med denne bacheloroppgaven er å finne ut hvordan bedriftene kan bruke Facebook til å kommunisere sine servicetjenester. Vi ser at dette kan besvares med hvordan Facebook benyttes rent teknisk, men vi har valgt å besvare spørsmålet med teoretisk forankring i kundeorientert markedsføringsteori. Med bakgrunn i våre teoretiske funn fant vi det interessant å se på hvordan bedriftene opplever denne formen for markedsføring, og hvordan de ser for seg å praktisere den. Vi valgte derfor å intervjue to informanter med forskjellige utgangspunkt. Vi ønsket å finne ut om disse hadde noen holdningsbaserte forskjeller i sin oppfatning av Facebook, og videre hvordan det påvirker dem vedrørende markedsføring i sosiale medier. Vi benyttet kvalitativ metode med strukturerte dybdeintervjuer for å finne svar på våre spørsmål. Vi utarbeidet intervjuguide og tapet intervjuene før vi transkriberte dataene og fikk disse godkjent av informantene som en slags kvalitetssikring før vi analyserte våre funn. Vi kom fram til at empirien i stor grad samsvarer med teorien, og at det ikke fantes noen grunnleggende holdningsbaserte forskjeller av betydning mellom informantene. Det vi fant, var at den ene har troen på Facebook i dag, mens den andre ser for seg effekten av markedsføring på Facebook litt fram i tid. En interessant observasjon vi kan tenke oss å undersøke nærmere ved en senere anledning med et større utvalg av populasjon.Vi har også satt av kapittel 4 til å illustrere egne erfaringer som administrator på våre informanters Facebook-plattformer. Vi gjorde noen små forsøk på disse sidene gjennom våren hvor vi mener å kunne se ulik grad av delaktighet fra kundene/tilhengerne på ulike innlegg. Våre samlede funn viser at Facebook er et godt egnet sted for kommunikasjon mellom bedriftene og kundene, som videre danner grunnlag for at bedriftene kan lytte til kundene slik at de kan utvikle produkter og tjenester som kundene vil ha.Engelsk sammendrag (abstract):The use of digital communication in social media The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to find out how companies can use Facebook to communicate their services. This could be answered with how Facebook is used technically, but we have chosen to answer the question from a customer oriented marketing theory view. Based on our theoretical findings, we found it interesting to see how companies are experiencing this style of marketing, and how they envision themselves to practice it. We therefore chose to interview two informants with different starting points. We wanted to find out whether they had any different approach based on their perception of Facebook, and on how it affects their marketing via social media. In order to find answers to our questions we used the qualitative methods with in-depth interviews. We created an interview guide and recorded the interviews before we transcribed the data. Before we analyzed the data, it was approved by the informants to make sure the quality was good. We found that empirical data are largely consistent with the theory, and that there were no significance differences between the informants. But we found that one informant has faith in Facebook today, while the second informant thought the impact of marketing on Facebook is for the future. At a later time we would like to investigate this interesting observation with a larger sample of the population. Section 4 is illustrating our own experiences as administrators on our informants Facebook sites. We have made some experiments at these sites, where we think we could see different levels of participation from customers/fans on the various articles. Our findings show that Facebook is a suitable place for communication between companies and customers, which creates an arena for companies to listen to customers with a goal to develop products and services that customers want