Studi Eksperimental Pengaruh Perkuatan Sambungan Pada Struktur Jembatan Rangka Canai Dingin Terhadap Lendutan

Seiring dengan berkembangnya teknologi, ditemukan bahan yang mampu menyaingi jembatan rangka baja, yaitu baja ringan canai dingin (Cold Formed). Bahan ini memiliki kuat tarik yang tinggi, kuat, serta mudah dibentuk. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian kuat tarik baja canai dingin dan lendutan. Model struktur jembatan ini dibuat dengan dua dimensi tanpa pelat lantai. . Hasil pengujian kuat tarik baja canai dingin yang kita gunakan dengan lima benda uji didapatkan rata-rata tegangan ultimit (fu) 503,332 N/mm2. Berdasarkan uraian beberapa sumber dianggap nilai fy dan fu pada kelima benda uji adalah sama. Pengujian lendutan dilakukan pada ketiga model untuk mendapatkan beban maksium dan lendutan maksimum. Pada grafik perbandingan ketiga model didapatkan bahwa model 3 tidak bisa dianalisis lebih lanjut karena kemungkinan terjadi kesalahan prosedur pengujian. Setelah dianalisis lebih lanjut model 2 mengalami peningkatan kekuatan yang signifikan dibandingkan model 1. Jika ditinjau pada beban yang sama pengurangan lendutan yang didapatkan 10,5 % sedangkan jika ditinjau pada lendutan yang sama peningkatan kekuatan yang didapatkan 15%

Visualisasi 3d Peta Kawasan Keselamatan Operasi Penerbangan (Kkop) Bandara Ngurah Rai Bali

Ngurah Rai airportis located on Bali, Badung. Geographically, it is located in coordinate 8°44′53″ S 115°10′3″ E. Ngurah Rai airport is in between of North Kuta and South Kuta near with tourism places that will improving building development like hotel, villa, BTS, tower althought antenna that have potensials to make disturbance to flight activity (obstacle) in Safety of Flight Operations Area (KKOP) especially near airport area in order to have no disturbance the flight activity (Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Badung Nomor 27 Tahun 2013 tentang Penyelenggaraan Izin Mendirikan Bangunan).The method that used in this final task research is overlay identity method by using ArcGIS\u27s software 10. Cartography utilizes ArcGIS\u27s software 10 all through, then map is featured on Google Earth yet 3D versions are made with Google SketchUp Software Pro 2014.The result of data processing are information about region which most turns in at Safety of Flight Operations Area (KKOP) of Ngurah Rai Airport and height zone at any given area division. Thus, can be known about obstacle\u27s spread is according to region and height zone on KKOP Ngurah Rai Airport which is dominated in Kuta Selatan (Desa Ungasan, Pecatu, Benoa dan Kutuh). This research utilitarian to make urban planning development, monitoring the obstacles, and update of previous map

Application of Social Marketing in Active Case Finding of Tuberculosis: Evidence from Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis remained a major public health issue in many developing nations. Case detection rate remained low in Indonesia. Social marketing induces behavior change by making it compatible with individual perception, values, and convenience. This study aimed to apply social marketing to increase active case detection 0f tuberculosis. SUBJECT AND METHOD: This was a qualitative-quantitative study conducted in two puskesmas (community health centers) in Sukoharjo district, Central Java, Indonesia. A sample of 30 health cadres was selected for this study. Another sample of health personnels from puskesmas and health programmers from the district health office, Sukoharjo, were selected for this study. The data were collected by interview, focus group discussion, and document review. Changes in knowledge and social marketing among health cadres before and after training was tested by t test. Case detection rates before and after training were compared and tested by chi square. RESULTS: Knowledge in tuberculosis before training (mean=67.37; SD=11.37) increased after training (mean=83.97; SD=9.22), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Knowledge in social marketing before training (mean=73.04; SD=12.25) increased after training (mean=85.12; SD=12.02), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Tuberculosis case detection rate before trainingvincreased twice as many after training (OR=2.10; 95%CI=0.48 to 10.99; p=0.168). CONCLUSION: Social marketing can be used to increase knowledge in tuberculosis among health cadres and case detection rate through active case finding

Social acceptance of renewable energy: Some examples from Europe and Developing Africa

Current energy systems are in most instances not fully working sustainably. The provision and use of energy only consider limited resources, risk potential or financial constraints on a limited scale. Furthermore, the knowledge and benefits are only available for a minor group of the population or are outright neglected. The availability of different resources for energy purposes determines economic development, as well as the status of the society and the environment. The access to energy grids has an impact on socio-economic living standards of communities. This not fully developed system is causing climate change with all its related outcomes. This investigation takes into consideration different views on renewable energy systems — such as international discussions about biomass use for energy production, “fuel versus food”, biogas use — and attempts to compare major prospects of social acceptance of renewable energy in Europe and Africa. Can all obstacles to the use of renewable energy be so profound that the overall strategy of reducing anthropogenic causes of climate change be seriously affected

Is equal access to higher education in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa achievable by 2030?

Higher education is back in the spotlight, with post-2015 sustainable development goals emphasising equality of access. In this paper, we highlight the long distance still to travel to achieve the goal of equal access to higher education for all, with a focus on poorer countries which tend to have lower levels of enrolment in higher education. Analysing Demographic and Health Survey data from 35 low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, we show wide wealth inequalities in particular, with few if any of the poorest gaining access to higher education in some countries. We further identify that wealth and gender inequalities interact and tend to be wider in countries where levels of higher education are higher. This implies that expansion in access to higher education may predominantly benefit the rich, unless measures are taken to tackle inequalities. We find that that the rates of increase necessary for the attainment of the equal access goal by 2030 are particularly high. They pose a particularly difficult challenge given the access inequalities present from primary and secondary education in a wide majority of countries in our analysis. We therefore suggest that any measures aimed at attaining the goal need to tackle inequalities in access within a system-wide approach, focusing on the level of education at which inequalities initially manifest, alongside higher education.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0039-

KARAKTERISTIK SIMPLISIA TEH HITAM DARI TANAMAN Camelia sinensis Var. assamica DARI PERKEBUNAN TEH BALI CAHAYA AMERTA, DESA ANGSERI, KECAMATAN BATURITI, KABUPATEN TABANAN, BALI

Black tea is a type of tea in such a way the polyphenols undergo a high degree of oxidation. The characteristics of simplicia are strongly influenced by the environment. In order to use a simplicia as an active ingredient, characterization test are required for maintaining the quality and safety. This study aimed to find out the characteristic of black tea simplicia from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) which were taken from Bali Cahaya Amerta Tea Plantation, Angseri Village, Baturiti Sub-district, Tabanan Regency, Bali. The characterization of the simplicia was done based on standard parameters of tea plant in Farmakope Herbal Indonesia including macroscopic test, microscopic test, the loss on drying, the contents of water soluble compound, ethanol soluble compound, total ash, acid insoluble ash, total phenol and the identification of cathecin. The results showed that black tea simplicia elongated shaped with blackish brown, odorless, tasteless, and there were fragments identifier such as sclerenkim fibers, epidermis with stomata, macrosklerida, leaf mesophyll with vascular tissue, and rosette calcium oxalate crystals. The result of the compounds content that dissolve in water was 31.84% ± 0.6446%, compounds content that dissolve in ethanol was 16.64% ± 0.414%, the loss on drying was 5.19% ± 0.0902%, total ash content was 4.67% ± 0.0392%, ash content that was insoluble in acid was 0.19% ± 0.0025%, and the total fenol content was 0.9733% ± 0.0189%. From the results, the black tea simplicia fulfills the requirements of simplicia characteristic based on Farmakope Herbal Indonesia parameter

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Genomic Characterization of Methanomicrobiales Reveals Three Classes of Methanogens

BACKGROUND:Methanomicrobiales is the least studied order of methanogens. While these organisms appear to be more closely related to the Methanosarcinales in ribosomal-based phylogenetic analyses, they are metabolically more similar to Class I methanogens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:In order to improve our understanding of this lineage, we have completely sequenced the genomes of two members of this order, Methanocorpusculum labreanum Z and Methanoculleus marisnigri JR1, and compared them with the genome of a third, Methanospirillum hungatei JF-1. Similar to Class I methanogens, Methanomicrobiales use a partial reductive citric acid cycle for 2-oxoglutarate biosynthesis, and they have the Eha energy-converting hydrogenase. In common with Methanosarcinales, Methanomicrobiales possess the Ech hydrogenase and at least some of them may couple formylmethanofuran formation and heterodisulfide reduction to transmembrane ion gradients. Uniquely, M. labreanum and M. hungatei contain hydrogenases similar to the Pyrococcus furiosus Mbh hydrogenase, and all three Methanomicrobiales have anti-sigma factor and anti-anti-sigma factor regulatory proteins not found in other methanogens. Phylogenetic analysis based on seven core proteins of methanogenesis and cofactor biosynthesis places the Methanomicrobiales equidistant from Class I methanogens and Methanosarcinales. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:Our results indicate that Methanomicrobiales, rather than being similar to Class I methanogens or Methanomicrobiales, share some features of both and have some unique properties. We find that there are three distinct classes of methanogens: the Class I methanogens, the Methanomicrobiales (Class II), and the Methanosarcinales (Class III)

Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails.

Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning