Ester-filled distribution transformers

The ever increasing demand for electricity in the world is a major cause of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. With increasing numbers of new distribution transformers added every year, the contribution of CO2 emission from transformer increases. It has been reported by the United Nations (UN) that almost 730 million tons/year of CO2 emission are contributed by transformers alone. Thus, there is an urgent need to find a sustainable model to meet the demand, maintain reliability and yet reduce CO2 emissions. By using sustainable ester fluids, a force multiplier to the existing minimum efficiency guidelines can be achieved. This combination will act as an encouragement for purchasers while defining their transformer purchasing policy by adopting sustainable transformer ratings rather than peak transformer ratings. This article quantifies how the cost of losses are reduced while simultaneously reducing CO2 emissions

A re-evaluation of the role of rotational forceps:retrospective comparison of maternal and perinatal outcomes following different methods of birth for malposition in the second stage of labour.

Objective To compare the outcomes of operative cephalic births by Kielland forceps (KF), rotational ventouse (RV), or primary emergency caesarean section (pEMCS) for malposition in the second stage of labour in modern practise. Design Retrospective observational study. Population Data were included from 1291 consecutive full-term, singleton cephalic births between 2 November 2006 and 30 November 2010 with malposition of the fetal head during the second stage of labour leading to an attempt to deliver by KF, RV or pEMCS. Methods Maternal and neonatal outcomes of all KF births were compared with other methods of operative birth for malposition in the second stage of labour (RV or pEMCS). Main outcome measures Achieving a vaginal birth was the primary outcome and fetal (admission to special care baby unit, low cord pH, low Apgar, shoulder dystocia, Erb's palsy) and maternal (massive obstetric haemorrhage—blood loss of >1500 ml, sphincter injury, length of stay in hospital) safety outcomes were also recorded. Results Women were more likely to need caesarean section if RV (22.4%) was selected to assist the birth rather than KF (3.7%; adjusted odds ratio 8.20; 95% confidence interval 4.54–14.79). Births by KF had a rate of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes comparable to those by RV and pEMCS in the second stage for malposition. Conclusions Our results suggest that, in experienced hands, assisted vaginal birth by KF is likely to be the most effective and safe method to prevent the ever rising rate of caesarean sections when malposition complicates the second stage of labour