A Novel Structure of Rolling Piston Type Rotary Compressor

This paper presents a new design of rolling piston type rotary compressor and the analysis of the performance of the novel compressor is conducted. The concept of the novel compressor is to utilize the interior space of the roller as inner working volume. The vane is connected and fixed to the outer cylinder and the inner cylinder, and the split bush is located between the roller and the vane to help revolution of the roller. Therefore, the novel compressor has two working volumes. One is outer volume trapped within the outer cylinder, the vane, and the roller and the other is inner volume trapped within the inner cylinder, the vane, and the roller. In the same frame size, the cooling capacity of the novel compressor is increased by average 34.77% over that of the traditional rolling piston type rotary compressor. This is because the mass flow rate of the refrigerant into the compressor increases due to the increase of the total working volume. However, the input power is also increased by average 23.4% over that of the traditional rolling piston type rotary compressor. It is because the indicated work increases due to inner compression work. As a result, the energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the novel compressor is increased by 9.42% over that of the traditional rolling piston type compressor

Experimental limit on the blue shift of the frequency of light implied by a q-nonlinearity

We discuss the implications of an experiment in which the frequencies of two laser beams are compared for different intensities in order to search for a dependence of the frequency of light on its intensity. Since no such dependence was found it is possible to place bounds on a description of the electromagnetic field in terms of q-oscillators. We conclude that the value of the nonlinearity parameter is smaller than $10^{-17}~$.Comment: 7pages,Latex,Napoli University preprin

Spin Ordering and Quasiparticles in Spin Triplet Superconducting Liquids

Spin ordering and its effect on low energy quasiparticles in a p-wave superconducting liquid are investigated. We show that there is a new 2D p-wave superconducting liquid where the ground state is rotation invariant. In quantum spin disordered liquids, the low energy quasiparticles are bound states of the bare Bogolubov- De Gennes ({\em BdeG}) quasiparticles and zero energy skyrmions, which are charge neutral bosons at the low energy limit. Further more, spin collective excitations are fractionalized ones carrying a half spin and obeying fermionic statistics. In thermally spin disordered limits, the quasi-particles are bound states of bare {\em BdeG} quasi-particles. The latter situation can be realized in some layered p-wave superconductors where the spin-orbit coupling is weak.Comment: 5 pages, no figures; published versio

An Extreme Solar Event of 20 January 2005: Properties of the Flare and the Origin of Energetic Particles

The extreme solar and SEP event of 20 January 2005 is analyzed from two perspectives. Firstly, we study features of the main phase of the flare, when the strongest emissions from microwaves up to 200 MeV gamma-rays were observed. Secondly, we relate our results to a long-standing controversy on the origin of SEPs arriving at Earth, i.e., acceleration in flares, or shocks ahead of CMEs. All emissions from microwaves up to 2.22 MeV line gamma-rays during the main flare phase originated within a compact structure located just above sunspot umbrae. A huge radio burst with a frequency maximum at 30 GHz was observed, indicating the presence of a large number of energetic electrons in strong magnetic fields. Thus, protons and electrons responsible for flare emissions during its main phase were accelerated within the magnetic field of the active region. The leading, impulsive parts of the GLE, and highest-energy gamma-rays identified with pi^0-decay emission, are similar and correspond in time. The origin of the pi^0-decay gamma-rays is argued to be the same as that of lower energy emissions. We estimate the sky-plane speed of the CME to be 2000-2600 km/s, i.e., high, but of the same order as preceding non-GLE-related CMEs from the same active region. Hence, the flare itself rather than the CME appears to determine the extreme nature of this event. We conclude that the acceleration, at least, to sub-relativistic energies, of electrons and protons, responsible for both the flare emissions and the leading spike of SEP/GLE by 07 UT, are likely to have occurred simultaneously within the flare region. We do not rule out a probable contribution from particles accelerated in the CME-driven shock for the leading GLE spike, which seemed to dominate later on.Comment: 34 pages, 14 Postscript figures. Solar Physics, accepted. A typo corrected. The original publication is available at http://www.springerlink.co

Long-term survival in patients (pts) with advanced NSCLC in the KEYNOTE-010 study overall and in pts who completed two years of pembrolizumab (pembro)

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lba4long term follow up in the keynote 010 study of pembrolizumab pembro for advanced nsclc including in patients pts who completed 2 years of pembro and pts who received a second course of pembro

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The polaron-like nature of an electron coupled to phonons

When an electron interacts with phonons, the electron can exhibit either free electron-like or polaron-like properties. The latter tends to occur for very strong coupling, and results in a phonon cloud accompanying the electron as it moves, thus raising its mass considerably. We summarize this behaviour for the Holstein model in one, two and three dimensions, and note that the crossover occurs for fairly low coupling strengths compared to those attributed to real materials exhibiting conventional superconductivity.Comment: 5 pages; contains a summary of single particle results for the Holstein mode

Valuing map validation: the need for rigorous land cover map accuracy assessment in economic valuations of ecosystem services

Valuations of ecosystem services often use data on land cover class areal extent. Area estimates from land cover maps may be biased by misclassification error resulting in flawed assessments and inaccurate valuations. Adjustment for misclassification error is possible for maps subjected to a rigorous validation program including an accuracy assessment. Unfortunately, validation is rare and/or poorly undertaken as often not regarded as a high priority. The benefit of map validation and hence its value is indicated with two maps. The International Geosphere Biosphere Programme’s DISCover map was used to estimate wetland value globally. The latter changed from US$1.92 trillion yr-1 to US$2.79 trillion yr-1 when adjusted for misclassification bias. For the conterminous USA, ecosystem services value based on six land cover classes from the National Land Cover Database (2006) changed from US$1118 billion yr-1 to US$600 billion yr-1 after adjustment for misclassification bias. The effect of error-adjustment on the valuations indicates the value of map validation to rigorous evidence-based science and policy work in relation to aspects of natural capital. The benefit arising from validation was orders of magnitude larger than mapping costs and it is argued that validation should be a high priority in mapping programs and inform valuations

Measurement of the Charged Multiplicities in b, c and Light Quark Events from Z0 Decays

Average charged multiplicities have been measured separately in $b$, $c$ and light quark ($u,d,s$) events from $Z^0$ decays measured in the SLD experiment. Impact parameters of charged tracks were used to select enriched samples of $b$ and light quark events, and reconstructed charmed mesons were used to select $c$ quark events. We measured the charged multiplicities: $\bar{n}_{uds} = 20.21 \pm 0.10 (\rm{stat.})\pm 0.22(\rm{syst.})$, $\bar{n}_{c} = 21.28 \pm 0.46(\rm{stat.}) ^{+0.41}_{-0.36}(\rm{syst.})$ $\bar{n}_{b} = 23.14 \pm 0.10(\rm{stat.}) ^{+0.38}_{-0.37}(\rm{syst.})$, from which we derived the differences between the total average charged multiplicities of $c$ or $b$ quark events and light quark events: $\Delta \bar{n}_c = 1.07 \pm 0.47(\rm{stat.})^{+0.36}_{-0.30}(\rm{syst.})$ and $\Delta \bar{n}_b = 2.93 \pm 0.14(\rm{stat.})^{+0.30}_{-0.29}(\rm{syst.})$. We compared these measurements with those at lower center-of-mass energies and with perturbative QCD predictions. These combined results are in agreement with the QCD expectations and disfavor the hypothesis of flavor-independent fragmentation.Comment: 19 pages LaTex, 4 EPS figures, to appear in Physics Letters

Magnetic Field Amplification in Galaxy Clusters and its Simulation

We review the present theoretical and numerical understanding of magnetic field amplification in cosmic large-scale structure, on length scales of galaxy clusters and beyond. Structure formation drives compression and turbulence, which amplify tiny magnetic seed fields to the microGauss values that are observed in the intracluster medium. This process is intimately connected to the properties of turbulence and the microphysics of the intra-cluster medium. Additional roles are played by merger induced shocks that sweep through the intra-cluster medium and motions induced by sloshing cool cores. The accurate simulation of magnetic field amplification in clusters still poses a serious challenge for simulations of cosmological structure formation. We review the current literature on cosmological simulations that include magnetic fields and outline theoretical as well as numerical challenges.Comment: 60 pages, 19 Figure