Spectroscopic Approach to Correction and Visualisation of Bright-Field Light Transmission Microscopy Biological Data

The most realistic information about the transparent sample such as a live cell can be obtained only using bright-field light microscopy. At high-intensity pulsing LED illumination, we captured a primary 12-bit-per-channel (bpc) response from an observed sample using a bright-field microscope equipped with a high-resolution (4872x3248) image sensor. In order to suppress data distortions originating from the light interactions with elements in the optical path, poor sensor reproduction (geometrical defects of the camera sensor and some peculiarities of sensor sensitivity), we propose a spectroscopic approach for the correction of this uncompressed 12-bpc data by simultaneous calibration of all parts of the experimental arrangement. Moreover, the final intensities of the corrected images are proportional to the photon fluxes detected by a camera sensor. It can be visualized in 8-bpc intensity depth after the Least Information Loss compression [Lect. Notes Bioinform. 9656, 527 (2016)].Comment: 17 pages, 11 figure

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

A new genus of aenictopecheine bugs from the Holarctic (Enicocephalidae, Hemiptera). American Museum novitates ; no. 2411

17 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 17)

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Defensive Secretions of Three Species of Pyrrhocoridae (Insecta: Heteroptera) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method.

The true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have evolved a system of well-developed scent glands that produce diverse and frequently strongly odorous compounds that act mainly as chemical protection against predators. A new method of non-lethal sampling with subsequent separation using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was proposed for analysis of these volatile defensive secretions. Separation was performed on Rtx-200 column containing fluorinated polysiloxane stationary phase. Various mechanical irritation methods (ultrasonics, shaking, pressing bugs with plunger of syringe) were tested for secretion sampling with a special focus on non-lethal irritation. The preconcentration step was performed by sorption on solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers with different polarity. For optimization of sampling procedure, Pyrrhocoris apterus was selected. The entire multi-parameter optimization procedure of secretion sampling was performed using response surface methodology. The irritation of bugs by pressing them with a plunger of syringe was shown to be the most suitable. The developed method was applied to analysis of secretions produced by adult males and females of Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoris tibialis and Scantius aegyptius (all Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). The chemical composition of secretion, particularly that of alcohols, aldehydes and esters, is species-specific in all three pyrrhocorid species studied. The sexual dimorphism in occurrence of particular compounds is largely limited to alcohols and suggests their epigamic intraspecific function. The phenetic overall similarities in composition of secretion do not reflect either relationship of species or similarities in antipredatory color pattern. The similarities of secretions may be linked with antipredatory strategies. The proposed method requires only a few individuals which remain alive after the procedure. Thus secretions of a number of species including even the rare ones can be analyzed and broadly conceived comparative studies can be carried out

Selected Parameters and Their Tested Levels for Sampling Secretion Using Compression in the Plunger of a Syringe.

<p>Selected Parameters and Their Tested Levels for Sampling Secretion Using Compression in the Plunger of a Syringe.</p

Optimum Conditions for the Method of Sampling Secretions Using Ultrasonics and a Shaker.

<p>Optimum Conditions for the Method of Sampling Secretions Using Ultrasonics and a Shaker.</p

The response surface plot.

<p>The plot depicts the dependence of the sum of all the peaks (upper) (a.u., arbitrary units) and the number of peaks (bottom) on the temperature of SPME sorption and time of SPME sorption; irritation by compressing the true bugs with the plunger of a syringe; SPME sorption on a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber; tempering time prior to compression 1 min; temperature prior to compression 40°C.</p

Dendrogram depicting the qualitative similarities in chemical profiles among the analysed sampled.

<p>The clustering was based on distance matrix, in which the distance between each pair of samples was expressed as a number of compounds exclusively present in one of the samples and absent in the other. All 135 detected compounds were considered, single linkage clustering algorithm was used for tree construction (for details, see Section <i>Comparison of secretions between true-bug species</i>).</p