The Effect of Fertilizer Applications on the Quality and the Quantity of the Oil in Flaxseed

A considerable number of economic seeds are characterized by the presence of oil instead of starch as reserved material. The flax plant produces an oil-bearing seed which yields either by pressure or by extraction an oil which is used chiefly in the manufacture of paints and varnishes, and in the manufacture of linoleum, oil cloth, printer\u27s ink, and patent leather. The oil obtained from flexseed is known as linseed oil and is one of a class of fatty oils known as drying oil. When exposed to the air the oil absorbs oxygen, forming a compound known ad linoxyn which constitutes the tough, elastic, and productive film that makes the oil so valuable to the paint industry

Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815)

Naturalists, state administrators and farmers in France and its colonies developed a myriad set of techniques over the course of the long eighteenth century to manage the circulation of useful and harmful insects. The development of normative protocols for classifying, depicting and observing insects provided a set of common tools and techniques for identifying and tracking useful and harmful insects across great distances. Administrative techniques for containing the movement of harmful insects such as quarantine, grain processing and fumigation developed at the intersection of science and statecraft, through the collaborative efforts of diplomats, state administrators, naturalists and chemical practitioners. The introduction of insectivorous animals into French colonies besieged by harmful insects was envisioned as strategy for restoring providential balance within environments suffering from human-induced disequilibria. Naturalists, administrators, and agricultural improvers also collaborated in projects to maximize the production of useful substances secreted by insects, namely silk, dyes and medicines. A study of these scientific and administrative techniques will shed light on how scientists, administrators and lay practitioners in the French Enlightenment came to assess and manage the risks and opportunities afforded by the related processes of commercial and ecological globalization

Effects of Medicago sativa L. and Vicia faba L. on Nutritional Suitability of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) for Coleomegilla maculata (Degeer) and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville

The first chapter of this thesis is a literature review focusing on the suitability ofprey, tritrophic interactions and the predatory insects Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens. Also included is the b-iology ofthe herbivore Acyrthosiphon pisum as well as a detailed description ofthe lipid composition of this aphid when reared on Medicago sativa and Vicia faba. Subsequent chapters are formal manuscripts ofthe research I conducted during my M.S. program and are written in compliance with the publication policies and guidelines for manuscript preparation with the Entomological Society of America

The Association of Joint Power Kinetic Variables with Running Injuries: A Case-Control Study

# Background There is conflicting data on which kinetic variables are important to consider with running injuries. Furthermore, less is understood regarding differences in these variables when considering demographics such as age, sex, weight, and running speed. The primary question was what joint power kinetic variables were different between non-injured and injured runners. # Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify if there were differences in joint power kinetic variables between non-injured runners and injured runners. # Study Design Case-Control Study # Methods Kinetic data were collected on 122 runners (26 non-injured and 96 injured) over three years with a Bertec force plated treadmill and Qualisys 3D motion capture. The subjects were considered eligible if they self-identified themselves as runners or had running as a key component of their activity. The subjects ran at a comfortable, self-selected pace while two 10-second trials of recordings were used to calculate the means of peak power generated at the hips, knees, and ankles of each gait cycle. Foot strike was categorized by kinematic data. Two sample T-tests were used to compare peak power variables at the hips, knees, and ankles between non-injured and injured runners. Logistic regression analyses examined how a combination of demographics and peak power variables were associated with injuries. # Results No peak power variable at the hip, knee, or ankle was significantly different between injured and non-injured runners (p=0.07-0.87). However, higher hip power absorbed was found to be protective against injuries (odds ratio, .16; 95% CI .025-.88) when considering demographics using a logistic regression model including sex, foot strike, BMI, speed, age, and power variables from the hip, knee, and ankle. The area under the ROC curve was .74, which is acceptable discrimination. # Conclusion When controlling for age, sex, BMI, foot strike, and speed; higher hip power absorbed was found to be protective against injury. This could be due to the hip muscles' unique role in absorbing force during early stance phase. # Level of Evidence 3b ©The Author(s

POP-type ligands : Variable coordination and hemilabile behaviour

Hemilabile ligands – ligands containing two or more potential donors to a metal centre, of which one or more can dissociate – have the ability to provide a transition metal complex with open coordination sites at which reactivity can occur, or stabilise low coordinate intermediates along reaction pathways. POP-type ligands and in particular POP, Xantphos, DBFphos and DPEphos-based ligands contain three possible binding sites: two phosphines and an ether linker, thus have the potential to show κ1-, κ2- or κ3-binding modes. This review summarises the examples where POP-type ligands display hemilabile, or closely related variable coordination, characteristics in either synthesis or catalysis

Molecular mechanisms of diabetic renal hypertrophy

Molecular mechanisms of diabetic renal hypertrophy. Altered growth of renal cells is one of the early abnormalities detected after the onset of diabetes. Cell culture studies whereby renal cells are exposed to high glucose concentrations have provided a considerable amount of insight into mechanisms of growth. In the glomerular compartment, there is a very early and self-limited proliferation of mesangial cells with subsequent hypertrophy, whereas proximal tubular cells primarily undergo hypertrophy. There is overwhelming evidence from in vivo and cell culture studies that induction of the transforming growth factor-βbgr; (TGF-βbgr;) system mediates the actions of high ambient glucose and that this system is pivotal for the hypertrophy of mesangial and tubular cells. Other factors such as hemodynamic forces, protein glycation products, and several mediators (for example, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, thromboxane, and platelet-derived growth factor) may further amplify the synthesis of TGF-βbgr; and/or the expression of its receptors in the diabetic state. Cellular hypertrophy can be characterized by cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. The molecular mechanism arresting mesangial cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK) inhibitors such as p27Kip1 and p21, which bind to and inactivate cyclin-CdK complexes responsible for G1-phase exit. High-glucose–induced activation of protein kinase C and stimulated TGF-βbgr; expression appear to be essential for stimulated expression of p27Kip1. In addition, a decreased turnover of protein caused by the inhibition of proteases contributes to hypertrophy. The development of irreversible renal changes in diabetes mellitus such as glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis is always preceded by the early hypertrophic processes in the glomerular and the tubular compartments. It may still be debated whether diabetic renal hypertrophy will inevitably lead to irreversible fibrotic changes in the absence of other factors such as altered intraglomerular hemodynamics and genetic predisposition. Nevertheless, understanding cellular growth on a molecular level may help design a novel therapeutic approach to prevent or treat diabetic nephropathy effectively

Lewis Base Mediated β-Elimination and Lewis Acid Mediated Insertion Reactions of Disilazido Zirconium Compounds

The reactivity of a series of disilazido zirconocene complexes is dominated by the migration of anionic groups (hydrogen, alkyl, halide, OTf) between the zirconium and silicon centers. The direction of these migrations is controlled by the addition of two-electron donors (Lewis bases) or two-electron acceptors (Lewis acids). The cationic nonclassical [Cp2ZrN(SiHMe2)2]+ ([2]+) is prepared from Cp2Zr{N(SiHMe2)2}H (1) and B(C6F5)3 or [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], while reactions of B(C6F5)3 and Cp2Zr{N(SiHMe2)2}R (R = Me (3), Et (5), n-C3H7 (7), CH═CHSiMe3 (9)) provide a mixture of [2]+ and [Cp2ZrN(SiHMe2)(SiRMe2)]+. The latter products are formed through B(C6F5)3 abstraction of a β-H and R group migration from Zr to the β-Si center. Related β-hydrogen abstraction and X group migration reactions are observed for Cp2Zr{N(SiHMe2)2}X (X = OTf (11), Cl (13), OMe (15), O-i-C3H7 (16)). Alternatively, addition of DMAP (DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine) to [2]+ results in coordination to a Si center and hydrogen migration to zirconium, giving the cationic complex [Cp2Zr{N(SiHMe2)(SiMe2DMAP)}H]+ ([19]+). Related hydrogen migration occurs from [Cp2ZrN(SiHMe2)(SiMe2OCHMe2)]+ ([18]+) to give [Cp2Zr{N(SiMe2DMAP)(SiMe2OCHMe2)}H]+ ([22]+), whereas X group migration is observed upon addition of DMAP to [Cp2ZrN(SiHMe2)(SiMe2X)]+ (X = OTf ([12]+), Cl ([14]+)) to give [Cp2Zr{N(SiHMe2)(SiMe2DMAP)}X]+ (X = OTf ([26]+), Cl ([20]+)). The species involved in these transformations are described by resonance structures that suggest β-elimination. Notably, such pathways are previously unknown in early metal amide chemistry. Finally, these migrations facilitate direct Si–H addition to carbonyls, which is proposed to occur through a pathway that previously had been reserved for later transition metal compounds