Marine Conservation: Moving Beyond Malthus

SummaryA new study has shown that maximum overfishing of coral reefs occurs among countries at intermediate levels of socio-economic development; can managers and policy makers help countries dependent on these ecosystems avoid the resulting poverty traps

Century-scale trends and seasonality in pH and temperature for shallow zones of the Bering Sea

No records exist to evaluate long-term pH dynamics in high-latitude oceans, which have the greatest probability of rapid acidification from anthropogenic CO2 emissions. We reconstructed both seasonal variability and anthropogenic change in seawater pH and temperature by using laser ablation high-resolution 2D images of stable boron isotopes (δ11B) on a long-lived coralline alga that grew continuously through the 20th century. Analyses focused on four multiannual growth segments. We show a long-term decline of 0.08 ± 0.01 pH units between the end of the 19th and 20th century, which is consistent with atmospheric CO2 records. Additionally, a strong seasonal cycle (∼0.22 pH units) is observed and interpreted as episodic annual pH increases caused by the consumption of CO2 during strong algal (kelp) growth in spring and summer. The rate of acidification intensifies from –0.006 ± 0.007 pH units per decade (between 1920s and 1960s) to –0.019 ± 0.009 pH units per decade (between 1960s and 1990s), and the episodic pH increases show a continuous shift to earlier times of the year throughout the centennial record. This is indicative of ecosystem shifts in shallow water algal productivity in this high-latitude habitat resulting from warming and acidification

Pengaruh Koordinasi Mata-Tangan, Daya Ledak Otot Lengan, dan Kemampuan Motorik terhadap Kemampuan Passing Bawah dalam Permainan Bolavoli pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh koordinasi mata-tangan terhadap kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (2) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya ledak otot lengan terhadap kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (3) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh koordinasi mata tangan terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (4) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya ledak otot lengan terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (5) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh kemampuan motorik terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (6) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh koordinasi mata tanga terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli melalui kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (7) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya ledak otot lengan terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli melalui kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dan inferensial. Populasinya adalah Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru. Teknik penentuan sampelnya adalah Berdasarkan penggunaan rumus Slovin diperoleh jumlah sampel ditetapkan sebanyak 30 responden. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis statistik deskritif dan inferensial dengan bantuan program komputer SPSS versi 18 Pada taraf kepercayaan 95% atau α=0,05. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan: (1) Ada pengaruh koordinasi mata-tangan terhadap kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (2) Ada pengaruh daya ledak otot lengan terhadap kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (3) Ada pengaruh koordinasi mata tangan terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (4) Ada pengaruh daya ledak otot lengan terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (5) Ada pengaruh kemampuan motorik terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (6) Ada pengaruh koordinasi mata tanga terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli melalui kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru, (7) Ada pengaruh daya ledak otot lengan terhadap kemampuan passing bawah dalam permainan bolavoli melalui kemampuan motorik pada Murid SD Inpres Sepee Kabupaten Barru. ABSTRACT Hadijah. 2016. "Effects of Hand-Eye Coordination, Burst Power Arm Muscles and Motor Ability to Ability Passing Down the volleyball game on Elementary Students Instruction Sepee Barru". (Supervised by

Freshening of the Alaska Coastal Current Recorded By Coralline Algal Ba/Ca Ratios

Arctic Ocean freshening can exert a controlling influence on global climate, triggering strong feedbacks on ocean-atmospheric processes and affecting the global cycling of the world\u27s oceans. Glacier-fed ocean currents such as the Alaska Coastal Current are important sources of freshwater for the Bering Sea shelf, and may also influence the Arctic Ocean freshwater budget. Instrumental data indicate a multiyear freshening episode of the Alaska Coastal Current in the early 21st century. It is uncertain whether this freshening is part of natural multidecadal climate variability or a unique feature of anthropogenically induced warming. In order to answer this, a better understanding of past variations in the Alaska Coastal Current is needed. However, continuous long-term high-resolution observations of the Alaska Coastal Current have only been available for the last 2 decades. In this study, specimens of the long-lived crustose coralline alga Clathromorphum nereostratum were collected within the pathway of the Alaska Coastal Current and utilized as archives of past temperature and salinity. Results indicate that coralline algal Mg/Ca ratios provide a 60 year record of sea surface temperatures and track changes of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a pattern of decadal-to-multidecadal ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the North Pacific. Algal Ba/Ca ratios (used as indicators of coastal freshwater runoff) are inversely correlated to instrumentally measured Alaska Coastal Current salinity and record the period of freshening from 2001 to 2006. Similar multiyear freshening events are not evident in the earlier portion of the 60 year Ba/Ca record. This suggests that the 21st century freshening of the Alaska Coastal Current is a unique feature related to increasing glacial melt and precipitation on mainland Alaska

Explorations, Vol. 2, No. 2

Cover: The painting reproduced on the cover is an oil on canvas entitled “Konrad Oberhuber’s Visit to Compass Harbor, Maine, ” by Michael Lewis, 1985. Lewis is Professor of Art at the University of Maine at Orono. ©Michael Lewis, 1985 Articles include: The Gulf of Maine: A Sea Beside a Sea, by Kathleen Lignell The Gulf of Maine Littoral world of promise, by Carole J. Bombard for David Sanger Marine Worms Worth Fifteen Dollars Each? by David Dean Free Trade, Not Trade War, by James A. Wilson Inner Space—The Gulf of Maine: its history and future for research, by Robert S. Steneck The Shape of Mud and Its Importance to Marine Animals, by Les Watling The Humble Herring gold-plated sardine, by David K. Stevenson Seismic Profiling: The Search for the Submerged Geological Record in the Gulf of Maine, by Daniel F. Belknap and Joseph T. Kelley Our Cover Artist: Michael Lewis In the Classroom, by Michael Brody Nobody Told the Bumblebee He Couldn\u27t Fly, by Herbert Hidu The Tie That Binds: technology and research, by Robert S. Steneck Diet Developments for the Maine Lobster, by Robert Bayer A Wet Desert: secrets of the salt marsh, by Gary M. King Maine Marshes, by George L. Jacobson Mya Arenaria: return of the clam, by Devon Phillips CES: commitment and action, by Devon Phillips EPSCoR benthic research, by Lawrence M. Mayer In the Field of Researc

Settling into an Increasingly Hostile World: The Rapidly Closing “Recruitment Window” for Corals

Free space is necessary for larval recruitment in all marine benthic communities. Settling corals, with limited energy to invest in competitive interactions, are particularly vulnerable during settlement into well-developed coral reef communities. This situation may be exacerbated for corals settling into coral-depauperate reefs where succession in nursery microhabitats moves rapidly toward heterotrophic organisms inhospitable to settling corals. To study effects of benthic organisms (at millimeter to centimeter scales) on newly settled corals and their survivorship we deployed terra-cotta coral settlement plates at 10 m depth on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef in Belize and monitored them for 38 mo. During the second and third years, annual recruitment rates declined by over 50% from the previous year. Invertebrate crusts (primarily sponges) were absent at the start of the experiment but increased in abundance annually from 39, 60, to 73% of the plate undersides by year three. Subsequently, substrates hospitable to coral recruitment, including crustose coralline algae, biofilmed terra-cotta and polychaete tubes, declined. With succession, substrates upon which spat settled shifted toward organisms inimical to survivorship. Over 50% of spat mortality was due to overgrowth by sponges alone. This result suggests that when a disturbance creates primary substrate a “recruitment window” for settling corals exists from approximately 9 to 14 mo following the disturbance. During the window, early-succession, facilitating species are most abundant. The window closes as organisms hostile to coral settlement and survivorship overgrow nursery microhabitats

Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas

Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types of protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, as evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. Marine ecosystems are being altered by direct effects of climate change including ocean warming, ocean acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity of storms, and changing freshwater influxes. As impacts of climate change strengthen they may exacerbate effects of existing stressors and require new or modified management approaches; MPA networks are generally accepted as an improvement over individual MPAs to address multiple threats to the marine environment. While MPA networks are considered a potentially effective management approach for conserving marine biodiversity, they should be established in conjunction with other management strategies, such as fisheries regulations and reductions of nutrients and other forms of land-based pollution. Information about interactions between climate change and more “traditional” stressors is limited. MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases. Management options include ameliorating existing stressors, protecting potentially resilient areas, developing networks of MPAs, and integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation