Cryogenic heat exchangers for process cooling and renewable energy storage: A review

© 2019 The cryogenic industry has experienced remarkable expansion in recent years. Cryogenic technologies are commonly used for industrial processes, such as air separation and natural gas liquefaction. Another recently proposed and tested cryogenic application is Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES). This technology allows for large-scale long-duration storage of renewable energy in the power grid. One major advantage over alternative storage techniques is the possibility of efficient integration with important industrial processes, e.g., refrigerated warehousing of food and pharmaceuticals. Heat exchangers are among the most important components determining the energy efficiency of cryogenic systems. They also constitute the necessary interface between a LAES system and the industrial process utilizing the available cooling effect. The present review aims to familiarise energy professionals and stakeholders with the latest achievements, innovations, and trends in the field of cryogenic heat exchangers, with particular emphasis on their applications to LAES systems employing renewable energy resources. Important innovations in coil-wound and plate-fin heat exchanger design and simulation methods are reviewed among others, while special attention is given to regenerators as a prospective component of cryogenic energy storage systems. This review also reveals that the geographical spread of research and development activities has recently expanded from well-established centers of excellence to rather active emerging establishments around the globe

Ab initio and nuclear inelastic scattering studies of Fe3_3Si/GaAs heterostructures

The structure and dynamical properties of the Fe$_3$Si/GaAs(001) interface are investigated by density functional theory and nuclear inelastic scattering measurements. The stability of four different atomic configurations of the Fe$_3$Si/GaAs multilayers is analyzed by calculating the formation energies and phonon dispersion curves. The differences in charge density, magnetization, and electronic density of states between the configurations are examined. Our calculations unveil that magnetic moments of the Fe atoms tend to align in a plane parallel to the interface, along the [110] direction of the Fe$_3$Si crystallographic unit cell. In some configurations, the spin polarization of interface layers is larger than that of bulk Fe$_3$Si. The effect of the interface on element-specific and layer-resolved phonon density of states is discussed. The Fe-partial phonon density of states measured for the Fe$_3$Si layer thickness of three monolayers is compared with theoretical results obtained for each interface atomic configuration. The best agreement is found for one of the configurations with a mixed Fe-Si interface layer, which reproduces the anomalous enhancement of the phonon density of states below 10 meVComment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 4 table

Functional modularity of nuclear hormone receptors in a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolic gene regulatory network

We present the first gene regulatory network (GRN) that pertains to post-developmental gene expression. Specifically, we mapped a transcription regulatory network of Caenorhabditis elegans metabolic gene promoters using gene-centered yeast one-hybrid assays. We found that the metabolic GRN is enriched for nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) compared with other gene-centered regulatory networks, and that these NHRs organize into functional network modules.The NHR family has greatly expanded in nematodes; C. elegans has 284 NHRs, whereas humans have only 48. We show that the NHRs in the metabolic GRN have metabolic phenotypes, suggesting that they do not simply function redundantly.The mediator subunit MDT-15 preferentially interacts with NHRs that occur in the metabolic GRN.We describe an NHR circuit that responds to nutrient availability and propose a model for the evolution and organization of NHRs in C. elegans metabolic regulatory networks

An investigation of the close environment of beta Cep with the VEGA/CHARA interferometer

High-precision interferometric measurements of pulsating stars help to characterize their close environment. In 1974, a close companion was discovered around the pulsating star beta Cep using the speckle interferometry technique and features at the limit of resolution (20 milli-arcsecond or mas) of the instrument were mentioned that may be due to circumstellar material. Beta Cep has a magnetic field that might be responsible for a spherical shell or ring-like structure around the star as described by the MHD models. Using the visible recombiner VEGA installed on the CHARA long-baseline interferometer at Mt. Wilson, we aim to determine the angular diameter of beta Cep and resolve its close environment with a spatial resolution up to 1 mas level. Medium spectral resolution (R=6000) observations of beta Cep were secured with the VEGA instrument over the years 2008 and 2009. These observations were performed with the S1S2 (30m) and W1W2 (100m) baselines of the array. We investigated several models to reproduce our observations. A large-scale structure of a few mas is clearly detected around the star with a typical flux relative contribution of 0.23 +- 0.02. Our best model is a co-rotational geometrical thin ring around the star as predicted by magnetically-confined wind shock models. The ring inner diameter is 8.2 +- 0.8 mas and the width is 0.6 +- 0.7 mas. The orientation of the rotation axis on the plane of the sky is PA = 60 +- 1 deg, while the best fit of the mean angular diameter of beta Cep gives UD[V] = 0.22 +- 0.05 mas. Our data are compatible with the predicted position of the close companion of beta Cep. These results bring additional constraints on the fundamental parameters and on the future MHD and asteroseismological models of the star.Comment: Paper accepted for publication in A&A (in press

Catalog of Galactic Beta Cephei Stars

We present an extensive and up-to-date catalog of Galactic Beta Cephei stars. This catalog is intended to give a comprehensive overview of observational characteristics of all known Beta Cephei stars. 93 stars could be confirmed to be Beta Cephei stars. For some stars we re-analyzed published data or conducted our own analyses. 61 stars were rejected from the final Beta Cephei list, and 77 stars are suspected to be Beta Cephei stars. A list of critically selected pulsation frequencies for confirmed Beta Cephei stars is also presented. We analyze the Beta Cephei stars as a group, such as the distributions of their spectral types, projected rotational velocities, radial velocities, pulsation periods, and Galactic coordinates. We confirm that the majority of these stars are multiperiodic pulsators. We show that, besides two exceptions, the Beta Cephei stars with high pulsation amplitudes are slow rotators. We construct a theoretical HR diagram that suggests that almost all 93 Beta Cephei stars are MS objects. We discuss the observational boundaries of Beta Cephei pulsation and their physical parameters. We corroborate that the excited pulsation modes are near to the radial fundamental mode in frequency and we show that the mass distribution of the stars peaks at 12 solar masses. We point out that the theoretical instability strip of the Beta Cephei stars is filled neither at the cool nor at the hot end and attempt to explain this observation

Reviving calm technology in the e-tourism context

Tourism industry practitioners should understand the controversial nature of the information and communication technology (ICT) proliferation to ensure the ICT solutions do not consume too much of their attention, thus jeopardizing consumer enjoyment of tourism services. The concept of calm technology or calm design serves this purpose. Calm design suggests that technology should quietly recede in the background and come into play with users when and if required, thus delivering and/or enhancing a desired experience. Although this concept is of relevance to e-tourism, until recently, it has never been considered within. This is where this paper contributes to knowledge as, for the first time, it introduces calm design into the e-tourism context and critically evaluates the determinants of its broader adoption within the tourism industry. It positions calm design within the e-tourism realm, discusses its implications for customer service management, supply chain management and destination management, and discloses opportunities for future research

Ground-based observations of the beta Cephei CoRoT main target HD 180642: abundance analysis and mode identification

The known beta Cephei star HD 180642 was observed by the CoRoT satellite in 2007. From the very high-precision light curve, its pulsation frequency spectrum could be derived for the first time (Degroote and collaborators). In this paper, we obtain additional constraints for forthcoming asteroseismic modeling of the target. Our results are based on both extensive ground-based multicolour photometry and high-resolution spectroscopy. We determine T_eff = 24 500+-1000 K and log g = 3.45+-0.15 dex from spectroscopy. The derived chemical abundances are consistent with those for B stars in the solar neighbourhood, except for a mild nitrogen excess. A metallicity Z = 0.0099+-0.0016 is obtained. Three modes are detected in photometry. The degree l is unambiguously identified for two of them: l = 0 and l = 3 for the frequencies 5.48694 1/d and 0.30818 1/d, respectively. The radial mode is non-linear and highly dominant with an amplitude in the U-filter about 15 times larger than the strongest of the other modes. For the third frequency of 7.36673 1/d found in photometry, two possibilities remain: l = 0 or 3. In the radial velocities, the dominant radial mode presents a so-called stillstand but no clear evidence of the existence of shocks is observed. Four low-amplitude modes are found in spectroscopy and one of them, with frequency 8.4079 1/d, is identified as (l,m)=(3,2). Based on this mode identification, we finally deduce an equatorial rotational velocity of 38+-15 km/s.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Lattice dynamics of endotaxial silicide nanowires

Self-organized silicide nanowires are considered as main building blocks of future nanoelectronics and have been intensively investigated. In nanostructures, the lattice vibrational waves (phonons) deviate drastically from those in bulk crystals, which gives rise to anomalies in thermodynamic, elastic, electronic, and magnetic properties. Hence, a thorough understanding of the physical properties of these materials requires a comprehensive investigation of the lattice dynamics as a function of the nanowire size. We performed a systematic lattice dynamics study of endotaxial FeSi$_2$ nanowires, forming the metastable, surface-stabilized $\alpha$-phase, which are in-plane embedded into the Si(110) surface. The average widths of the nanowires ranged from 24 to 3 nm, their lengths ranged from several $\mu$m to about 100 nm. The Fe-partial phonon density of states, obtained by nuclear inelastic scattering, exhibits a broadening of the spectral features with decreasing nanowire width. The experimental data obtained along and across the nanowires unveiled a pronounced vibrational anisotropy that originates from the specific orientation of the tetragonal $\alpha$-FeSi$_2$ unit cell on the Si(110) surface. The results from first-principles calculations are fully consistent with the experimental data and allow for a comprehensive understanding of the lattice dynamics of endotaxial silicide nanowires.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 3 table

Asteroseismology of the Beta Cephei star 12 (DD) Lacertae: photometric observations, pulsational frequency analysis and mode identification

We report a multisite photometric campaign for the Beta Cephei star 12 Lacertae. 750 hours of high-quality differential photoelectric Stromgren, Johnson and Geneva time-series photometry were obtained with 9 telescopes during 190 nights. Our frequency analysis results in the detection of 23 sinusoidal signals in the light curves. Eleven of those correspond to independent pulsation modes, and the remainder are combination frequencies. We find some slow aperiodic variability such as that seemingly present in several Beta Cephei stars. We perform mode identification from our colour photometry, derive the spherical degree l for the five strongest modes unambiguously and provide constraints on l for the weaker modes. We find a mixture of modes of 0 <= l <= 4. In particular, we prove that the previously suspected rotationally split triplet within the modes of 12 Lac consists of modes of different l; their equal frequency splitting must thus be accidental. One of the periodic signals we detected in the light curves is argued to be a linearly stable mode excited to visible amplitude by nonlinear mode coupling via a 2:1 resonance. We also find a low-frequency signal in the light variations whose physical nature is unclear; it could be a parent or daughter mode resonantly coupled. The remaining combination frequencies are consistent with simple light-curve distortions. The range of excited pulsation frequencies of 12 Lac may be sufficiently large that it cannot be reproduced by standard models. We suspect that the star has a larger metal abundance in the pulsational driving zone, a hypothesis also capable of explaining the presence of Beta Cephei stars in the LMC.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, MNRAS, in pres