Koncepcja stare decisis w systemie prawa niemieckiego – niespójna systemowo koncepcja posiadająca wysoką realną wartość

It is worth mentioning that the German legal system is based on the codified law. This system lacks in stare decisis and precedents in general, which – in principle – does not raise doubts. The role of precedent in the decisional process is relative and dependent on the question as to whether the case may be resolved pursuant to a legal act. In that case, precedents would not play any or almost any role at all. However, the role of precedents increases, when there is a lack of appropriate legal rights, or if legal rights require interpretation. It should be emphasised that stare decisis understood as a formally binding precedent refers only to rulings issued by the Federal Constitutional Court, whereas precedents of higher courts have a significant meaning to everyday judicial practice in Germany, despite the fact that they are not formally binding.Należy wskazać, że niemiecki system prawa opiera się na prawie skodyfikowanym. W systemie tym brak stare decisis oraz precedensów w ogóle, co do zasady nie budzi to wątpliwości. Rola precedensu w procesie decyzyjnym sądów jest względna i zależy od tego, czy sprawa może zostać rozstrzygnięta zgodnie z brzmieniem ustawy. Wówczas precedensy nie będą odgrywać żadnej roli lub będzie ona marginalna. W przypadku, gdy brak jest odpowiedniego prawa ustawowego lub jeśli ustawowe prawo wymaga interpretacji, rola precedensów wzrasta. Należy podkreślić, że stare decisis w sensie formalnie wiążącego precedensu odnosi się tylko do orzeczeń Federalnego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Natomiast precedensy wyższych sądów, choć nie są formalnie wiążące, mają istotne znaczenie dla codziennej praktyki prawniczej w Niemczech

Parlamentskommunikation und Neue Medien: das Internet-Nutzungsverhalten der Abgeordneten zum österreichischen Nationalrat

'Ein vergleichendes Forschungsprojekt im Rahmen der European Union Co-Operation on Science and Technology (COST) beschäftigt sich mit der Nutzung des Internets im Rahmen der Parlamentskommunikation. Für dieses Projekt wurden 2001 u.a. alle Abgeordneten zum österreichischen Nationalrat über die Nutzung des Internets für ihre parlamentarische bzw. politische Arbeit schriftlich befragt. Unter Bezugnahme auf entsprechende Vergleiche mit Parlamentsabgeordneten anderer Länder analysiert der Artikel Formen der Internet-Anwendung, die subjektive Bedeutung des Internets für die politische Kommunikation, die Mediennutzungskompetenz für das Internet, die Bewertung des Nutzens für die politische bzw. parlamentarische Arbeit und die Positionierung der Abgeordneten zur künftigen Bedeutung des Internets für moderne Demokratien. Die analysierten Daten werden in Zusammenhang mit Konzepten der Online-Kommunikation des Parlaments dargestellt sowie hinsichtlich möglicher Konsequenzen für die Demokratiequalität bewertet.' (Autorenreferat

Anti-platelet properties of Pim kinase inhibition is mediated through disruption of thromboxane A2 receptor signalling

Pim kinases are upregulated in several forms of cancer, contributing to cell survival and tumour development, but their role in platelet function and thrombotic disease has not been explored. We report for the first time that Pim-1 kinase is expressed in human and mouse platelets. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Pim kinase results in reduced thrombus formation but is not associated with impaired haemostasis. Attenuation of thrombus formation was found to be due to inhibition of the thromboxane A2 receptor as effects on platelet function was non-additive to inhibition caused by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist GR32191. Treatment with Pim kinase inhibitors caused reduced surface expression of the thromboxane A2 receptor and resulted in reduced responses to thromboxane A2 receptor agonists, indicating a role for Pim kinase in the regulation of thromboxane A2 receptor function. Our research identifies a novel, Pim kinase dependent regulatory mechanism for the thromboxane A2 receptor and represents a new targeting strategy that is independent of COX- 1 inhibition or direct antagonism of the thromboxane A2 receptor that whilst attenuating thrombosis does not increase bleeding

Innovationsmanagement im Medienmarkt: eine organisations- und kommunikationstheoretische Fallstudie ueber Zusammenhaenge von Innovation und Qualifizierung

Available from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel A 197279 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

monitor-based statistical model checking for weighted metric temporal logic

We present a novel approach and implementation for analysing weighted timed automata (WTA) with respect to the weighted metric temporal logic (WMTL &le). Based on a stochastic semantics of WTAs, we apply statistical model checking (SMC) to estimate and test probabilities of satisfaction with desired levels of confidence. Our approach consists in generation of deterministic monitors for formulas in WMTL&le, allowing for efficient SMC by run-time evaluation of a given formula. By necessity, the deterministic observers are in general approximate (over- or under-approximations), but are most often exact and experimentally tight. The technique is implemented in the new tool Casaal. that we seamlessly connect to Uppaal-smc. in a tool chain. We demonstrate the applicability of our technique and the efficiency of our implementation through a number of case-studies. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.Microsoft ResearchWe present a novel approach and implementation for analysing weighted timed automata (WTA) with respect to the weighted metric temporal logic (WMTL &le). Based on a stochastic semantics of WTAs, we apply statistical model checking (SMC) to estimate and test probabilities of satisfaction with desired levels of confidence. Our approach consists in generation of deterministic monitors for formulas in WMTL&le, allowing for efficient SMC by run-time evaluation of a given formula. By necessity, the deterministic observers are in general approximate (over- or under-approximations), but are most often exact and experimentally tight. The technique is implemented in the new tool Casaal. that we seamlessly connect to Uppaal-smc. in a tool chain. We demonstrate the applicability of our technique and the efficiency of our implementation through a number of case-studies. © 2012 Springer-Verlag

Targeting structural flexibility in low density lipoprotein by integrating cryo-electron microscopy and high-speed atomic force microscopy

International audienceLow-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism. Responsible for cholesterol transport from the liver to the organs, LDL accumulation in the arteries is a primary cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. This work focuses on the fundamental question of the LDL molecular structure, as well as the topology and molecular motions of apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100), which is addressed by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). Our results suggest a revised model of the LDL core organization with respect to the cholesterol ester (CE) arrangement. In addition, a high-density region close to the flattened poles could be identified, likely enriched in free cholesterol. The most remarkable new details are two protrusions on the LDL surface, attributed to the protein apo B-100. HS-AFM adds the dimension of time and reveals for the first time a highly dynamic direct description of LDL, where we could follow large domain fluctuations of the protrusions in real time. To tackle the inherent flexibility and heterogeneity of LDL, the cryo-EM maps are further assessed by 3D variability analysis. Our study gives a detailed explanation how to approach the intrinsic flexibility of a complex system comprising lipids and protein