Caractérisation des lymphocytes T CD8+ spécifiques du VIH chez les « HIV controllers »

Several defects of the immune response have been evidenced during HIV infection, especially CD8+ T cell response. A rare group of patients (0.5%) called HIV controllers (HIC) can spontaneously control HIV infection and studies showed that these patients present high HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover excessive activation of CD8+ T cells seems to play a major role since this parameter correlates strongly with disease progression. Indeed, immune activation observed in HIC is lower than in viremic patients and similar as in HAART-treated patients. Furthermore HIC exhibit a peculiar activation phenotype with low CD38 expression and high HLA-DR expression and characterized by a higher frequency of CD38-/HLA-DR+ expressing cells. The aim of these works was to characterize optimal HIV-specific T cells which are implicated in the control of viral replication in HIC. We first studied this subpopulation CD38-/HLA-DR+ and showed that it is characterized by an absence of activation marker expression except for HLA-DR and by efficient effector functions (high cytotoxicity) and good memory functions (better survival, proliferation and higher frequency of polyfunctional cells). We then deciphered the mechanism responsible for the induction of this phenotype and demonstrated that low dose of antigen induce preferentially CD38-/HLA-DR+ phenotype while high dose of antigen induce preferentially CD38+/HLA-DR+. We next characterized HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from HIC by markers associated with cytotoxicity: T-box transcription factor T-bet and Eomes and CD57. We demonstrated heterogeneity of Eomes expression and only CD57+/Eomeshi and CD57+/Eomesint subpopulation exhibit cytotoxic capacity ex vivo. We then showed that HIC exhibited higher frequency of CD57+/Eomeshi expressing HIV specific CD8+ T cells with high functionalities (proliferation, survival). Furthermore frequency of this subpopulation correlated with low viral load suggesting a role of CD57+/Eomeshi in the control of viral replication. Nevertheless, the high CD8+ T cell responses are not found in all HIC and some patients who control viral replication in vivo exhibit low inhibition by CD8+ T cells ex vivo and are called Weak Responders by opposition to Strong Responders who exhibit high inhibition by CD8+ T cells. Our study demonstrated that the CD8+ T cell response is associated with the CD4+ T cells: Weak Responders showed low CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses especially low CD38-/HLA-DR+ frequency and Strong Responders showed high CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response especially high CD38-/HLA-DR+ frequency. We therefore defined two subpopulations which are overrepresented in HIC and which are probably implicated in control of HIV. The low dose and low immune activation could be involved in the induction and persistence of high anti-HIV CD8+ T cell response and might have implications for HIV vaccine strategies.Lors de l’infection par le VIH, les réponses T CD8+ présentent de nombreux défauts fonctionnels d’ordre qualitatif et quantitatif. Les « HIV controllers » (HIC) constituent un rare groupe de patients (0,5%) qui contrôle spontanément in vivo la réplication virale. Des études ont montré que les fortes réponses T CD8+ observées chez les HIC jouent probablement un rôle majeur dans ce contrôle. Par ailleurs, l’activation immunitaire joue un rôle clé dans la déplétion T CD4+ et la progression. En effet, les patients virémiques présentent une forte activation mesurée par la fréquence de lymphocytes T CD8+ CD38+/HLA-DR+ alors que l’activation observée chez les HIC est faible, similaire à celle des patients sous traitements anti-rétroviraux ce qui pourrait expliquer l’absence fréquente de progression chez ces patients. De plus, les HIC sont caractérisés par une activation paradoxale avec une forte proportion de lymphocytes T CD8+ présentant une forte expression de HLA-DR contrastant avec une faible expression de CD38 et donc une fréquence plus importante de lymphocytes T CD8+ exprimant le phénotype particulier CD38-/HLA-DR+ que les lymphocytes T CD8+ des patients ne contrôlant pas le VIH.L’objectif de mon projet de thèse a été de caractériser les réponses T optimales pour le contrôle de la réplication virale chez les patients HIC. En étudiant la sous population CD38-/HLA-DR+, nous avons démontré que cette sous population exprime un phénotype particulier avec l’expression seule de HLA-DR comme marqueur d’activation mais aussi qu’elle possède de très bonnes fonctions effectrices (cytotoxicité) et mémoires (survie, polyfonctionnalité et prolifération). Nous avons par la suite étudié le mécanisme responsable de l’induction de ce phénotype particulier et démontré qu’une activation par de faibles doses d’antigènes induit préférentiellement le phénotype d’intérêt CD38-/HLA-DR+ alors qu’une activation par de fortes doses d’antigènes induit préférentiellement le phénotype CD38+/HLA-DR+.Nous avons par la suite caractérisé les lymphocytes T CD8+ des HIC à l’aide de marqueurs associés à une activité cytotoxique : les facteurs de transcription de la « boîte T », T-bet et Eomes et le marqueur CD57. Nous avons ainsi montré qu’il existe une hétérogénéité de l’expression d’Eomes et que seules les sous populations CD57+/Eomeshi et CD57+/Eomesint présentent ex vivo des capacités cytotoxiques. Il s’avère que les lymphocytes T CD8+ spécifiques du VIH des HIC expriment préférentiellement le phénotype CD57+/Eomeshi qui démontre de bonnes fonctionnalités (prolifération, survie). De plus la fréquence de cette sous population corrèle avec une faible charge virale suggérant que ces cellules CD57+/Eomeshi participent au contrôle de la réplication virale. Cependant, les fortes réponses T CD8+ ne sont pas retrouvées chez tous les patients HIC et il existe un certain nombre de patients, authentiquement contrôleurs in vivo mais dont les lymphocytes T CD8+ ne possèdent pas une activité inhibitrice ex vivo et que l’on a appelé « Weak Responders » par opposition aux « Strong Responders » qui présentent une forte capacité antivirale. Notre étude a permis de montrer que les réponses T CD8+ sont corrélés aux réponses T CD4+ : les « Weak Responders » présentent de faibles réponses T CD4+ et T CD8+ et les « Strong Responders » présentent de fortes réponses T CD4+ et T CD8+. Ces résultats ont permis de définir deux sous populations T CD8+ probablement impliquées dans le contrôle de la réplication virale in vivo. La faible dose d’antigène et la faible activation des lymphocytes pourraient être impliquées dans l’induction et la persistance de fortes réponses T CD8+ anti-VIH. L’utilisation de faibles doses d’antigènes permettant d’induire des lymphocytes T CD8+ avec une forte capacité d’inhibition de la réplication virale pourrait être envisagée dans de futurs essais cliniques vaccinaux

Adaptations to climate-mediated selective pressures in sheep

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The potential role of HIV-specific CD38-/HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells in viral suppressive activity and cytotoxicity in HIV controllers

International audienc

Time-delayed Follow-the-Leader model for pedestrians walking in line

International audienceWe use the results of a pedestrian tracking experiment to identify a follow-the-leader model for pedestrians walking-in-line. We demonstrate the existence of a time-delay between a subject's response and the predecessor's corresponding behavior. This time-delay induces an instability which can be damped out by a suitable relaxation. By comparisons with the experimental data, we show that the model reproduces well the emergence of large-scale structures such as congestions waves. The resulting model can be used either for modeling pedestrian queuing behavior or can be incorporated into bi-dimensional models of pedestrian traffic. Acknowledgements: This work has been supported by the french 'Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)' in the frame of the contract "Pedigree" (ANR-08-SYSC-015-01). JH acknowledges support of the ANR and the Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, where he conducted this research. AJ acknowledges support of the ANR and of the Laboratoire de physique t A c orique in Orsay where she conducted this research. PD is on leave from CNRS, Institut de Mat A c matiques de Toulouse, France

Comprehensive Analysis of Human Cytomegalovirus MicroRNA Expression during Lytic and Quiescent Infection

Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes microRNAs (miRNAs) that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression during lytic infection in permissive cells. Some miRNAs have been shown to suppress virus replication, which could help HCMV to establish or maintain latent infection. However, HCMV miRNA expression has not been comprehensively examined and compared using cell culture systems representing permissive (lytic) and semi-permissive vs. non-permissive (latent-like) infection. Methods Viral miRNAs levels and expression kinetics during HCMV infection were determined by miRNA-specific stem-loop RT-PCR. HCMV infected THP-1 (non-permissive), differentiated THP-1 (d-THP-1, semi-permissive) and human embryo lung fibroblasts (HELs, fully-permissive) were examined. The impact of selected miRNAs on HCMV infection (gene expression, genome replication and virus release) was determined by Western blotting, RT-PCR, qPCR, and plaque assay. Results Abundant expression of 15 HCMV miRNAs was observed during lytic infection in HELs; highest peak inductions (11- to 1502-fold) occurred at 48 hpi. In d-THP-1s, fourteen mRNAs were detected with moderate induction (3- to 288-fold), but kinetics of expression was generally delayed for 24 h relative to HELs. In contrast, only three miRNAs were induced to low levels (3- to 4-fold) during quiescent infection in THP-1s. Interestingly, miR-UL70-3p was poorly induced in HEL (1.5-fold), moderately in THP-1s (4-fold), and strongly (58-fold) in d-THP-1s, suggesting a potentially specific role for miR-UL70-3p in THP-1s and d-THP-1s. MiR-US33, -UL22A and -UL70 were further evaluated for their impact on HCMV replication in HELs. Ectopic expression of miR-UL22A and miR-UL70 did not affect HCMV replication in HELs, whereas miR-US33 inhibited HCMV replication and reduced levels of HCMV US29 mRNA, confirming that US29 is a target of miR-US33. Conclusions Viral miRNA expression kinetics differs between permissive, semi-permissive and quiescent infections, and miR-US33 down-regulates HCMV replication. These results suggest that miR-US33 may function to impair entry into lytic replication and hence promote establishment of latency

Black Hole Powered Nebulae and a Case Study of the Ultraluminous X-ray Source IC342 X-1

We present new radio, optical, and X-ray observations of three Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) that are associated with large-scale nebulae. We report the discovery of a radio nebula associated with the ULX IC342 X-1 using the Very Large Array (VLA). Complementary VLA observations of the nebula around Holmberg II X-1, and high-frequency Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and Very Large Telescope (VLT) spectroscopic observations of NGC5408 X-1 are also presented. We study the morphology, ionization processes, and the energetics of the optical/radio nebulae of IC342 X-1, Holmberg II X-1 and NGC5408 X-1. The energetics of the optical nebula of IC342 X-1 is discussed in the framework of standard bubble theory. The total energy content of the optical nebula is 6 x 10^52 erg. The minimum energy needed to supply the associated radio nebula is 9.2 x 10^50 erg. In addition, we detected an unresolved radio source at the location of IC342 X-1 at VLA scales. However, our Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations using the European VLBI Network likely rule out the presence of any compact radio source at milli-arcsecond (mas) scales. Using a simultaneous Swift X-ray Telescope measurement, we estimate an upper limit on the mass of the black hole in IC342 X-1 using the "fundamental plane" of accreting black holes and obtain M_BH < (1.0\pm0.3) x 10^3 M_Sun. Arguing that the nebula of IC342 X-1 is possibly inflated by a jet, we estimate accretion rates and efficiencies for the jet of IC342 X-1 and compare with sources like S26, SS433, IC10 X-1.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Resistance to a Rhabdovirus (VHSV) in Rainbow Trout: Identification of a Major QTL Related to Innate Mechanisms

Chantier qualité GAHealth control is a major issue in animal breeding and a better knowledge of the genetic bases of resistance to diseases is needed in farm animals including fish. The detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) will help uncovering the genetic architecture of important traits and understanding the mechanisms involved in resistance to pathogens. We report here the detection of QTL for resistance to Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV), a major threat for European aquaculture industry. Two induced mitogynogenetic doubled haploid F2 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) families were used. These families combined the genome of susceptible and resistant F0 breeders and contained only fully homozygous individuals. For phenotyping, fish survival after an immersion challenge with the virus was recorded, as well as in vitro virus replication on fin explants. A bidirectional selective genotyping strategy identified seven QTL associated to survival. One of those QTL was significant at the genome-wide level and largely explained both survival and viral replication in fin explants in the different families of the design (up to 65% and 49% of phenotypic variance explained respectively). These results evidence the key role of innate defence in resistance to the virus and pave the way for the identification of the gene(s) responsible for resistance. The identification of a major QTL also opens appealing perspectives for selective breeding of fish with improved resistance

Towards interpreting recurrent neural networks through probabilistic abstraction

National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore under its AI Singapore Programm

Deciphering colorectal cancer genetics through multi-omic analysis of 100,204 cases and 154,587 controls of European and east Asian ancestries

In the version of this article initially published, the author affiliations incorrectly listed “Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy” as “Candiolo Cancer Institute, Candiolo, Italy.” The change has been made to the HTML and PDF versions of the article