Homogeneizadores de alta pressão e dispersão na produção de emulsões.

Dispersing one fluid in another by creating an interface results in an emulsion. A mixture of two immiscible substances, ie substances which do not mix. Such emulsions are colloidal dispersions formed by a fractional phase called internal, dispersed or discontinuous and by another which surrounds the droplets called external, dispersing or continuous droplets. Its properties, such as stability and rheological properties, and its industrial uses are administered by variables such as composition, temperature and droplet size The emulsion formation process is called emulsification.To create emulsions, we will need suitable and specific equipment for this process, these equipments are the homogenizers. Most of the industrialized foods, today, go through the process of homogenization. This operation is applied for the purpose of improving food by modifying functional properties, sensorial quality and increasing emulsion stability. The objective of this work was to elaborate a manual with the use of two dispersion and high pressure type homogenizers, performing tests to simulate the best execution. The present work presents a brief review on lipids and their properties, emulsions and the main homogenizers used in the homogenization processes. To prepare the manual, tests were carried out on the high pressure and dispersion homogenizers Twin Panda 600 and Ika Turrax respectively.Dispersar um fluido em outro por criação de uma interface resulta em uma emulsão. A mistura de duas substâncias imiscíveis, ou seja, substâncias que não se misturam. Essas emulsões são dispersões coloidais formadas por uma fase fracionada denominada de interna, dispersa ou descontínua e por outra que circunda as gotículas designada de externa, dispersante ou contínua. Suas propriedades, tais como estabilidade e propriedades reológicas, e seus usos industriais são administrados por variáveis como composição, temperatura e por tamanho de gotículas. O processo de formação de emulsões é chamado de emulsificação. Para criarmos emulsões, precisaremos de equipamentos adequados e específicos para tal processo, estes equipamentos são os homogeneizadores. Maior parte dos alimentos industrializados, hoje, passam pelo processo de homogeneização. Esta operação é aplicada com a finalidade de melhoria do alimentos modificando propriedades funcionais, qualidade sensorial e ampliando a estabilidade da emulsão. O trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar um manual com a utilização de dois homogeneizadores dos tipos dispersão e de alta pressão, realizando testes para simular a melhor execução. O presente trabalho apresenta uma breve revisão sobre lipídios e suas propriedades, emulsões e os principais homogeneizadores utilizados nos processos de homogeneização. Para elaboração do manual foram realizados testes nos homogeneizadores de alta pressão e dispersão Twin Panda 600 e Ika Turrax respectivamente

Desencadeando interação através do fórum

Informações sobre a utilização do fórum

Introdução à psicolinguistica: noções básicas

2 slides de apresentação sobre Introdução a piscolinguistica

Estrangeirismo

Discussão acerca do uso dos estrangeirismos

Fluoride exposure duringintrauterine and lactation periods promotes changes in the offspring rats' alveolar bone

The importance of fluoride (F) for oral health is well established in the literature. However, evidence suggests that excessive exposure to this mineral is associated with adverse effects at different life stages and may affect many biological systems, especially mineralized tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of F exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding on the alveolar bone of the offspring since the alveolar bone is one of the supporting components of the dental elements. For this, the progeny rats were divided into three groups: control, 10 mg F/L, and 50 mg F/L for 42 (gestational and lactation periods). Analysis of the quantification of F levels in the alveolar bone by particle-induced gamma emission; Raman spectroscopy to investigate the physicochemical aspects and mineral components; computed microtomography to evaluate the alveolar bone microstructure and analyses were performed to evaluate osteocyte density and collagen quantification using polarized light microscopy. The results showed an increase in F levels in the alveolar bone, promoted changes in the chemical components in the bone of the 50 mg F/L animals (p < 0.001), and had repercussions on the microstructure of the alveolar bone, evidenced in the 10 mg F/L and 50 mg F/L groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, F was able to modulate the content of organic bone matrix, mainly collagen; thus, this damage possibly reduced the amount of bone tissue and consequently increased the root exposure area of the exposed groups in comparison to a control group (p < 0.001). Our findings reveal that Fcan modulate the physicochemical and microstructural dimensions and reduction of alveolar bone height, increasing the exposed root region of the offspring during the prenatal and postnatal period. These findings suggest that F can modulate alveolar bone mechanical strength and force dissipation functionality.This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. R.R.L is a researcher from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and received grant under number 312275/2021-8. Also this research was funded by PROCAD Amazônia – CAPES (23038.005350/2018–78).Peer reviewe

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ