New mechanisms by which physical exercise improves insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle

Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport is a key-defect for the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. However, it is known that both an acute bout of exercise and chronic endurance exercise training can bring beneficial effects on insulin action in insulin-resistant states. However, little is currently known about the molecular effects of acute exercise on muscle insulin signaling in the post-exercise state in insulin-resistant organisms. This review provides new insight into the mechanism through which acute exercise restores insulin sensitivity, highlighting an important role for inflammatory proteins and S-nitrosation in the regulation of insulin signaling proteins in skeletal muscle.O prejuízo no transporte de glicose estimulada por insulina no músculo constitui um defeito crucial para o estabelecimento da intolerância à glicose e do diabetes tipo 2. Por outro lado, é notório o conhecimento de que tanto o exercício aeróbio agudo quanto o crônico podem ter efeitos benéficos na ação da insulina em estados de resistência à insulina. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos moleculares pós-exercício sobre a sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético. Assim, esta revisãoapresenta novos entendimentos sobre os mecanismos por meio dos quais o exercício agudo restaura a sensibilidade à insulina, com destaque ao importante papel que proteínas inflamatórias e a S-nitrosação possuem sobre a regulação de proteínas da via de sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Faculdade de Educação Física, modalidade Saúde Departamento de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do ExercícioUNIFESP, Faculdade de Educação Física, modalidade Saúde Depto. de BiociênciasSciEL

New mechanisms by which physical exercise improves insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle

Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport is a key-defect for the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. However, it is known that both an acute bout of exercise and chronic endurance exercise training can bring beneficial effects on insulin action in insulin-resistant states. However, little is currently known about the molecular effects of acute exercise on muscle insulin signaling in the post-exercise state in insulin-resistant organisms. This review provides new insight into the mechanism through which acute exercise restores insulin sensitivity, highlighting an important role for inflammatory proteins and S-nitrosation in the regulation of insulin signaling proteins in skeletal muscle.O prejuízo no transporte de glicose estimulada por insulina no músculo constitui um defeito crucial para o estabelecimento da intolerância à glicose e do diabetes tipo 2. Por outro lado, é notório o conhecimento de que tanto o exercício aeróbio agudo quanto o crônico podem ter efeitos benéficos na ação da insulina em estados de resistência à insulina. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos moleculares pós-exercício sobre a sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético. Assim, esta revisãoapresenta novos entendimentos sobre os mecanismos por meio dos quais o exercício agudo restaura a sensibilidade à insulina, com destaque ao importante papel que proteínas inflamatórias e a S-nitrosação possuem sobre a regulação de proteínas da via de sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético.39940

Role of Training and Detraining on Inflammatory and Metabolic Profile in Infarcted Rats: Influences of Cardiovascular Autonomic Nervous System

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training (ET, 50-70% of VO2max, 5 days/week) and detraining (DT) on inflammatory and metabolic profile after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into control (C, n = 8), sedentary infarcted (SI, n = 9), trained infarcted (TI, n = 10; 3 months of ET), and detrained infarcted (DI, n = 11; 2 months of ET + 1 month of DT). After ET and DT protocols, ventricular function and inflammation, cardiovascular autonomic modulation (spectral analysis), and adipose tissue inflammation and lipolytic pathway were evaluated. ET after MI improved cardiac and vascular autonomic modulation, and these benefits were correlated with reduced inflammatory cytokines on the heart and adipose tissue. These positive changes were sustained even after 1 month of detraining. No expressive changes were observed in oxidative stress and lipolytic pathway in experimental groups. in conclusion, our results strongly suggest that the autonomic improvement promoted by ET, and maintained even after the detraining period, was associated with reduced inflammatory profile in the left ventricle and adipose tissue of rats subjected to MI. These data encourage enhancing cardiovascular autonomic function as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory process triggered by MI.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Sao Judas Tadeu Univ USJT, Human Movement Lab, BR-03166000 São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Nutr Physiol Discipline, Dept Physiol, BR-04021001 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Extremo Catarinense UNESC, Lab Exercise Physiol & Biochem, BR-88806000 Criciuma, SC, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Med, Heart Inst InCor, Hypertens Unit, BR-05403900 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo State UNESP, Dept Phys Educ, Immunometab Res Grp, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, SP, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Nutr Physiol Discipline, Dept Physiol, BR-04021001 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2013/14788-9FAPESP: 07/58942-0CNPq: CNPq: 563961/2010-4CNPq: 479076/2012-0CNPq: 457581/2013-1CAPES: CAPES: 074/2012CAPES: 095/2010Web of Scienc

Extracellular superoxide dismutase is necessary to maintain renal blood flow during sepsis development

Background: Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) protects nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability by decreasing superoxide levels and preventing peroxynitrite generation, which is important in maintaining renal blood flow and in preventing acute kidney injury. However, the profile of ECSOD expression after sepsis is not fully understood. Therefore, we intended to evaluate the content and gene expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms in the renal artery and their relation to renal blood flow. Methods: Sepsis was induced in Wistar rats by caecal ligation and perforation. Several times after sepsis induction, renal blood flow (12, 24 and 48 h); the renal arterial content of SOD isoforms, nitrotyrosine, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS and i-NOS), and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (pVASP); and SOD activity (3, 6 and 12 h) were measured. The influence of a SOD inhibitor was also evaluated. Results: An increase in ECSOD content was associated with decreased 3-nitrotyrosine levels. These events were associated with an increase in pVASP content and maintenance of renal blood flow. Moreover, previous treatment with a SOD inhibitor increased nitrotyrosine content and reduced renal blood flow. Conclusions: ECSOD appears to have a major role in decreasing peroxynitrite formation in the renal artery during the early stages of sepsis development, and its application can be important in renal blood flow control and maintenance during septic insult

Sleep duration in elderly obese patients correlated negatively with intake fatty

Study objectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between sleep duration and dietary habits in elderly obese patients treated at an institute of cardiology. Methods: The fifty-eight volunteers were elderly patients with obesity (classified as obese according to BMI) of both genders, between 60 and 80 years of age. All participants were subjected to assessments of food intake, anthropometry, level of physical activity, and duration of sleep. Results: The men had significantly greater weight, height, and waist circumference than women. Sleep durations were correlated with dietary nutrient compositions only in men. We found a negative association between short sleep and protein intake (r = -0.43; p = 0.02), short sleep and monounsaturated fatty acids intake (r = -0.40; p = 0.03), and short sleep and cholesterol dietary intake (r = -0.50; p = 0.01). Conclusions: We conclude that mainly in men, volunteers that had short sleep duration showed a preference for high energy-density as fatty food, at least in part, may explain the relationship between short sleep duration and the development of metabolic abnormalities

Patients with fibromyalgia show increased beta connectivity across distant networks and microstates alterations in resting-state electroencephalogram

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain of unknown etiology associated with alterations in the central nervous system. Although previous studies demonstrated altered patterns of brain activity during pain processing in patients with FM, alterations in spontaneous brain oscillations, in terms of functional connectivity or microstates, have been barely explored so far. Here we recorded the EEG from 43 patients with FM and 51 healthy controls during open-eyes resting-state. We analyzed the functional connectivity between different brain networks computing the phase lag index after group Independent Component Analysis, and also performed an EEG microstates analysis. Patients with FM showed increased beta band connectivity between different brain networks and alterations in some microstates parameters (specifically lower occurrence and coverage of microstate class C). We speculate that the observed alterations in spontaneous EEG may suggest the dominance of endogenous top-down influences; this could be related to limited processing of novel external events and the deterioration of flexible behavior and cognitive control frequently reported for FM. These findings provide the first evidence of alterations in long-distance phase connectivity and microstate indices at rest, and represent progress towards the understanding of the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and the identification of novel biomarkers for its diagnosis.Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; grant number PSI2016-75313-R) and from the Galician Government (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; axudas para a consolidación e Estruturación de unidades de investigación competitivas do Sistema universitario de Galicia; grant number GRC GI-1807-USC; REF: ED431-2017/27). A.G.V. was partially supported by a grant from Xunta de Galicia (Axudas de apoio á etapa de formación posdoutoral 2018) and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus 201

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonism Induces Protection from Lethal Sepsis: Involvement of Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling

In sepsis, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 modulates the migration of neutrophils to infectious foci, favoring bacteremia and mortality. In experimental sepsis, organ dysfunction and cytokines released by activated macrophages can be reduced by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (GRPR) antagonist RC-3095. Here we report a link between GRPR and TLR-4 in experimental models and in sepsis patients. RAW 264.7 culture cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and RC-3095 (10 ng/mL), Male Wistar rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and RC-3095 was administered (3 mg/kg, subcutaneously); after 6 h, we removed the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, peritoneal lavage and lung. Human patients with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis received a continuous infusion with RC-3095 (3 mg/kg, intravenous) over a period of 12 h, and plasma was collected before and after RC-3095 administration and, in a different set of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis. GRP plasma levels were determined. RC-3095 inhibited TLR-4, extracellular-signal-related kinase (ERK)-1/2, Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and Akt and decreased activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and interleukin (IL)-6 in macrophages stimulated by LPS. It also decreased IL-6 release from macrophages stimulated by TNF-alpha. RC-3095 treatment in CLP rats decreased lung TLR-4, reduced the migration of cells to the lung and reduced systemic cytokines and bacterial dissemination. Patients with sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome have elevated plasma levels of GRP which associates with clinical outcome in the sepsis patients. These findings highlight the role of GRPR signaling in sepsis outcome and the beneficial action of GRPR antagonists in controlling the inflammatory response in sepsis through a mechanism involving at least inhibition of TLR-4 signaling. Online address: http://www.molmed.org doi: 10.2119/molmed.2012.0008

Co-ativador-1 'alfa' do receptor ativado por proliferador do peroxissoma (PGC-1'alfa') : um co-ativador de transcrição genica envolvido com o controle da secreção e ação periferica da insulina

Orientador: Licio Augusto VellosoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: Diabetes melhtus tipo 2 é uma doença de etiologia multifatorial que resulta da confluência de pelo maios dois fenômenos distintos, resistência à ação e falência na produção de insulina. Evidências recentes tem sugerido que mecanismos comuns podem participar dos eventos que precipitam o desenvolvimento tanto da resistência à insulina quanto da falência da célula beta pancreática. A caracterização destes eventos pode abrir perspectivas para abordagens terapêuticas unificadas visando corrigir simultaneamente os dois mais importantes distúrbios que participam da gênese desta doença. A proteína co-ativador la do receptor ativado por prolíferador de peroxissoma, ou PGC-la, cumpre alguns requisitos que permitem sua inclusão numa lista de possíveis participantes nos mecanismos acima expostos. Para avaliar o papel desta proteína na produção e na ação periférica da insulina, utilizou-se um oligonucleotídeo antisense capaz de reduzir significativamente a expressão da PGC-la. Através deste método observou-se que a PGC- la responde a estímulos simpáticos que promovem a inibição da secreção de insulina. Tais estímulos induzem o aumento da expressão desta proteína que por sua vez leva a um aumento da expressão da proteína desacopladora-2 (UCP-2) em ilhotas pancreáticas. O desacoplamento da respiração mitocondrial deve favorecer a redução da produção de ATP decorrente do metabolismo da glicose e desta forma reduzir a secreção de insulina. Por outro lado, em um modelo animal de obesidade e diabetes induzido por dieta hiperüpídica observou-se um aumento da expressão da PGC-la em fígado e tecido adiposo. A inibição da expressão da PGC-la nestes animais promoveu restauração da homeostase da glicose, aumento da secreção de insulina, melhora na sinalização de insulina em tecidos periféricos e surpreendentemente, regressão da esteatose hepática induzida por dieta. Portanto, a proteína PGC-la surge como promissor alvo para abordagem terapêutica em diabetes mellitus e doenças afinsAbstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease that results from the confluence of at least two distinct events, insulin resistance and failure of the pancreatic beta cell. Recent evidences suggest that common mechanisms may participate in the events that precipitate the development of both insulin resistance and beta cell disarrangement. The characterization of such events may offer new perspectives for a unified therapeutic approach for diabetes. The protein PGC-la fulfills some of the requirements to be included in a list of potential candidates for playing a role in the genesis of both the main mechanisms involved in the development of diabetes. To evaluate the role of this protein in the production and action of insulin we employed an antisense oligonucleotide to PGC-la, which is capable of significantly reducing the expression of this protein. Through this approach it was observed that PGC-la responds to sympathetic stimuli mat inhibit insulin secretion. Such stimuli induce the expression of PGC-la and subsequently of the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2). Once induced UCP-2 favors a reduction of ATP production from glucose metabolism and therefore reduces insulin secretion. In addition, the expression of PGC-la was increased in liver and adipose tissue of an animal model of diet-induced obesity and diabetes. The inhibition of PGC-la promoted an increase of insulin secretion, an increase of peripheral insulin action, an improvement of insulin signal transduction and, surprisingly the reversal of diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Thus, PGC-la appears as an attractive potential target for therapeutics in diabetes and related diseasesDoutoradoCiencias BasicasDoutor em Clínica Médic

Inhibitor Of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Alpha Coactivator 1.

Resumo não disponível.MX2007011705 (A)C07H21/00A61K31/7088A61K31/7105A61K48/00A61P3/08C12N15/113C12N15/63MX20070011705C07H21/00A61K31/7088A61K31/7105A61K48/00A61P3/08C12N15/113C12N15/6