Computação no Ensino Fundamental na Escola Pública

Relatório final,em forma de artigo.Este artigo mostra a experiencia de se ensinar computação no ensino fundamental, a partir de um projeto de extensao do Departamento de Informatica e Estatística da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina/UFSC e realizado na´ Escola Basica Municipal Intendente Aricomedes da Silva (EBIAS). Os funda-´ mentos que balizaram os conteudos da formação abordaram algoritmos, lógica´ proposicional ensinada de forma ludica e programação do computador em uma˜ linguagem imperativa e uma linguagem multiparadigma que introduziram conceitos de computação. A EBIAS, em 2010, foi uma das duas escolas da rede˜ municipal que recebeu o Projeto XO, despertando o interesse da comunidade escolar para a temática da inclusão digital. Em 2011, com recursos da DEB-˜ CAPES, o projeto ”Computação no Ensino Fundamental” foi realizado no contexto do Programa Novos Talentos da CAPES, e concluiu que: (1) Começar a ensinar a Ciência da Computacão nos últimos anos do ensino fundamental é possível, antecipando-se ao ensino medio. (2) O Projeto XO não foi uma˜ condição necessária para os bons alunos da escola, mas para ser melhor, o projeto proposto pode ser baseado em algum projeto educativo piloto, como o Projeto XO ocorreu na escola para as series anteriores. (3) As dificuldades dos alunos em se acostumar a pensar com o computador foi a mesma encontrada nos alunos iniciantes na universidade. (4) Trabalhar o raciocínio lógico´ no ensino fundamental, no tempo do projeto, tem facilitado o entendimento de novos conceitos na continuidade do aprendizado de programação nos cursos subsequentes. (5) Mas, para se alcancçar, um nível de ensino sustentavel, de boa qualidade, seria conveniente a formação de professores em licenciatura em Ciência da Computacão.DEB-CAPES, EDITAL CAPES/DEB No 033/201

Salvia elegans: uma fonte natural de compostos antioxidantes

A espécie Salvia elegans é um arbusto que pertence ao género Salvia, família das Lamiaceae. Várias espécies do mesmo género têm vindo a ser cultivadas para uso na culinária e em medicina tradicional [1]. Devido ao seu cheiro característico, a S. elegans é vulgarmente conhecida por salva ananás e utilizada como condimento ou aromatizante em alimentos. No México esta espécie é popularmente conhecida como “mirto” e tem sido usada na medicina tradicional para tratar afeções do sistema nervoso central [2, 3]. Apesar disso, as suas propriedades biológicas não estão ainda estudadas. Neste trabalho pretende-se clarificar a capacidade antioxidante da espécie S. elegans, bem como proceder à identificação dos seus principais constituintes fenólicos, uma vez que vulgarmente estes compostos se encontram associados a esta propriedade [4]. Para tal, as partes aéreas da planta S. elegans foram extraídas com água quente [5] e o teor de compostos fenólicos totais no extrato foi determinado por uma adaptação do método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu [6]. A identificação dos compostos fenólicos foi efetuada por análise de cromatografia líquida de alta resolução (HPLC-DAD), acoplada à técnica de espectrometria de massa com ionização por electrospray (ESI-MSn), em modo negativo. Ainda, a capacidade antioxidante do extrato aquoso de S. elegans foi testada através dos testes de captação de radicais livres DPPH•, e do teste do poder redutor. De acordo com o método de Folin-Ciocalteu, os compostos fenólicos no extrato aquoso de S. elegans totalizam 201±46 μg EAG/ mg de extrato. O extrato é particularmente rico em ácido rosmarínico e contém ainda quantidades moderadas de outros derivados do ácido cafeico. Para além disto, o extrato de S. elegans possui uma boa capacidade antioxidante demonstrada pelos métodos de DPPH• e poder redutor. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem sugerir que S. elegans possui grande potencial para ser aplicada como agente antioxidante. Futuramente, pretende-se esclarecer a contribuição individual dos principais constituintes fenólicos do extrato de S. elegans na atividade antioxidante do mesmo

Interaction between lactose and cadmium chloride in aqueous solutions as seen by diffusion coefficients measurements

Diffusion coefficients of an aqueous system containing cadmium chloride 0.100 mol · dm−3 and lactose at different concentrations at 25 °C have been measured, using a conductimetric cell and an automatic apparatus to follow diffusion. The cell relies on an open-ended capillary method and a conductimetric technique is used to follow the diffusion process by measuring the resistance of a solution inside the capillaries, at recorded times. From these results and by ab initio calculations, it was possible to obtain a better understanding of the effect of lactose on transport of cadmium chloride in aqueous solutions

Diffusion Coefficients of Copper Chloride in Aqueous Solutions at 298.15 K and 310.15 K

Mutual diffusion coefficients (interdiffusion coefficients) and molar conductivities have been measured for copper(II) chloride in water at 298.15 K and 310.15 K at concentrations between 0.005 mol·dm-3 and 0.05 mol·dm-3. The diffusion coefficients were measured using a conductometric cell. The experimental data are discussed on the basis of the Onsager−Fuoss model. The Nernst diffusion coefficients derived from diffusion (1.297 × 10-9 and 1.690 × 10-9) m2·s-1 and from conductance (1.282 × 10-9 and 1.663 × 10-9) m2·s-1 at two temperatures (298.15 K and 310.15 K, respectively) are in good agreement

VIS3COS:III. nature and nurture in galaxy structure and morphology

We study the impact of local density and stellar mass on the morphology of ~500 quiescent (Q) and SFGs from the VIS3COS survey. We perform B/D decomposition of the SBPs and find ~41% of 10^10 Msun galaxies to be best fitted with 2 components. We complement our analysis with non-parametric measurements and qualitative visual classifications. We find that galaxy morphology depends on stellar mass and environment for our sample as a whole. We only find an impact of the environment on galaxy sizes for galaxies more massive than 10^11 Msun. We find higher n and B/T in high-density regions when compared to low-density counterparts at similar stellar masses. We also find that higher stellar mass galaxies have steeper light profiles compared to the lower ones. Using visual classifications, we find a morphology-density relation at z~0.84 for galaxies more massive than 10^10 Msun, with elliptical galaxies being dominant at high-density regions and disks more common in low-density regions. However, when splitting the sample into colour-colour selected SF and Q sub-populations, there are no statistically significant differences between low- and high-density regions. We find that Q galaxies are smaller, have higher n, and higher B/T when compared to SF counterparts. We confirm these trends with non-parametric quantities, finding Q galaxies to be smoother and having most of their light over smaller areas than SFGs. Overall, we find that the dependence of morphology on stellar mass is stronger than with local density and these relations are strongly correlated with the quenching fraction. The change in average morphology corresponds to a change in the relative fractions of blue disk-like galaxies and red elliptical galaxies with stellar mass and environment. We hypothesize that the processes responsible for the quenching of SF must also affect the galaxy morphology on similar timescales

Psicólogo Escolar, Orientador Educacional e Assistente Pedagógico na escola: um trabalho em cooperação?

A figura do Psicólogo Escolar parece estar surgindo com maior intensidade no cenário educacional brasileiro. Observa-se um aumento na procura desse profissional, pelas diferentes Instituições escolares, bem como movimentos de sindicatos e conselhos no sentido de coordenar discussões a respeito do papel a ser executado por este profissional e atuações junto a redes de ensino municipais e estaduais que estão levando à contratação desse profissional. Frente a esse fato torna-se interessante investigar até que ponto esse novo cargo entra em conflito com os já existentes, principalmente o Orientador Educacional. Realmente, embora teoricamente as atribuições de cada profissional estejam definidas, na prática tem-se observado uma confusão de papéis devido a uma dificuldade de delimitação do campo de atuação de cada um deles. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi constatar até que ponto essa dificuldade existe, e se gera conflito ou cooperação em termos de realização do trabalho. Para tanto, foi feito inicialmente um levantamento das escolas estaduais, municipais e particulares registradas na Delegada Regional de Ensino de Ribeirão Preto, nas quais havia um desses profissionais. A partir desse levantamento foram visitadas escolas onde existia um ou mais destes profissionais. Em cada uma das escolas visitadas foram realizadas entrevistas e os dados obtidos foram trabalhados em termos de conteúdo das entrevistas, analisando-se os seguintes pontos: formação profissional, colocando em evidência a relação dessa formação com a atuação hoje e os problemas dessa atuação; dificuldades apontadas com relação à atuação e limitações percebidas; expectativas do trabalho profissional existente na situação em relação ao outro profissional não existente; o interesse entre os profissionais nas situações em que o trabalho é conjunto.The figure of the School Psychologist is becoming more conspicuous on the Brazilian educacional scene. The demand for the services of these professionals by different teaching Institutions has been increasing, and so have Union and Council movements aiming at the coordination of discussions on the role of school psychologist and concentrating efforts to have city and state schools hire these professionals. In view of these considerations, it is interesting to investigate to what extent this new professional position in is conflit with existing ones, especially that of Educacional Advisor. Indeed, even though theoretically the attributions of each professional are defined, in practice a confusion of roles has been observed due to the difficulty in delimiting the area of action of each. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the extent of this difficulty and whether it creates conflict or cooperation in terms of work performance. The first step was a survey of state, city and private schools registered with the Regional Department of Education of Ribeirão Preto and counting with the services of these professionals. Schools where one or more of these professionals were present were visited and interviews were carried out. The data obtained were processed in terms of contexts of the interview and the following points were analyzed: professional training, emphasizing the relationship between tins training and the present performance, and the problems concerning the latter; difficulties and limitations perceived by the professionals in terms of performance; expectations concerning professional work existing in the situation in relation to the absence of the other professional; exchange between professionals in situations where they work together

Predictive and therapeutic implications of a novel PLCγ1/SHP2-driven mechanism of cetuximab resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer

© 2022 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND)Purpose: Cetuximab is an EGFR-targeted therapy approved for the treatment of RAS wild-type (WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, about 60% of these patients show innate resistance to cetuximab. To increase cetuximab efficacy, it is crucial to successfully identify responder patients, as well as to develop new therapeutic approaches to overcome cetuximab resistance. Experimental design: We evaluated the value of EGFR effector phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) in predicting cetuximab responses, by analyzing progression-free survival (PFS) of a multicentric retrospective cohort of 94 treated patients with mCRC (log-rank test and Cox regression model). Furthermore, we used in vitro and zebrafish xenotransplant models to identify and target the mechanism behind PLCγ1-mediated resistance to cetuximab. Results: In this study, levels of PLCγ1 were found increased in RAS WT tumors and were able to predict cetuximab responses in clinical samples and in vitro and in vivo models. Mechanistically, PLCγ1 expression was found to bypass cetuximab-dependent EGFR inhibition by activating ERK and AKT pathways. This novel resistance mechanism involves a noncatalytic role of PLCγ1 SH2 tandem domains in the propagation of downstream signaling via SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2). Accordingly, SHP2 inhibition sensitizes PLCγ1-resistant cells to cetuximab. Conclusions: Our discoveries reveal the potential of PLCγ1 as a predictive biomarker for cetuximab responses and suggest an alternative therapeutic approach to circumvent PLCγ1-mediated resistance to cetuximab in patients with RAS WT mCRC. In this way, this work contributes to the development of novel strategies in the medical management and treatment of patients with mCRC.M. Martins' research was supported by Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro (LPCC): Terry Fox Fundation; Investigador FCT- Fundação para a Ciência e Technologia (IF/00409/2014) and IMM Bridge grant; RC-D research was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Technologia (SFRH/BD/139138/2018). A. Fernandes was supported by LPCC-IMM BIOBANK; R. Fior was supported by Champalimaud Foundation and L. Costa was supported by Merck Serono.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prison sentences: last resort or the default sanction?

This paper discusses the sentencing purposes for penal penalties, judges’ perceptions of sentencing purposes and prison sentences, and the effects of penal sanctions. We examine judges’ positions towards different penalties, with a focus on imprisonment, since their views on the different penalties are related to their sentencing decision-making. Understanding these views is then critical for several practical and political purposes, including bridging the gap between academic discourse and legal practice. We accessed judges’ views on penal sanctions through a questionnaire and an interview. Our sample is compounded by the judges of the criminal courts from the three major cities in Portugal. Despite the most recent criminological empirical knowledge, judges valued imprisonment as the most adequate sentence, both for different crimes and for different judicial purposes. This result is not consistent with viewing imprisonment as a ‘last resort’ solution. Indeed, we did not find this ‘last resort’ position in our data, and it is not apparent in the judicial statistics on imprisonment rates. Our data highlight the importance of increasing judges’ training on criminological and sociological issues as well as the importance of changing the influence of their personal beliefs regarding penal sanctions into research-based positions.This study was conducted at Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653). The study was also supported by Grant SFRH/BPD/108602/2015 from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology awarded to the first author

Genetic and microenvironmental intra-tumor heterogeneity impacts colorectal cancer evolution and metastatic development

© The Author(s) 2022 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly diverse disease, where different genomic instability pathways shape genetic clonal diversity and tumor microenvironment. Although intra-tumor heterogeneity has been characterized in primary tumors, its origin and consequences in CRC outcome is not fully understood. Therefore, we assessed intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity of a prospective cohort of 136 CRC samples. We demonstrate that CRC diversity is forged by asynchronous forms of molecular alterations, where mutational and chromosomal instability collectively boost CRC genetic and microenvironment intra-tumor heterogeneity. We were able to depict predictor signatures of cancer-related genes that can foresee heterogeneity levels across the different tumor consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) and primary tumor location. Finally, we show that high genetic and microenvironment heterogeneity are associated with lower metastatic potential, whereas late-emerging copy number variations favor metastasis development and polyclonal seeding. This study provides an exhaustive portrait of the interplay between genetic and microenvironment intra-tumor heterogeneity across CMS subtypes, depicting molecular events with predictive value of CRC progression and metastasis development.This work was financed by national funds from FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences - UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy - i4HB. This research was also funded by: PTDC/MED-ONC/28660/2017 from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) to A.R.G. A.R.G is recipient of Researcher Grant CEECIND/02699/2017 from FCT. The biobanking of CRC samples from Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal was supported by FCT research grant PIC/IC/82821/2007. This work was produced with the support of INCD funded by FCT and FEDER under the project 22153-01/SAICT/2016.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio